Firewall Technology (Network Security) Research Paper

Firewall Technology (Network Security) - Research Paper Example Security necessities have considerably changed as of late. Generally, making sure about a framework was given by forestalling access (physical and morally) to the safe framework. In any case, with the presentation of PC innovation, there was a need to create mechanized security apparatuses for ensuring the system and information of an association. Because of tremendous ascent in dangers, vulnerabilities, hacking and digital violations, firewalls become compulsory as the primary decision to execute for making sure about the system and information for each PC organize. Firewalls Computer Security is the general term for a lot of assets intended to help ensure information and ruin the endeavors of programmers. In addition, it is a lot of measures to ensure information during transmission over a lot of interconnected PC frameworks. Subsequently, security is a set measures for discouragement, avoidance, location and revision of security dangers that can harm or unveil data either locally or when transmitted. Henceforth, certain security systems that are intended to identify, forestall and reestablish security after an assault. Thusly, many system apparatuses are imagined to make sure about a system. The most well known system security apparatus that is utilized in pretty much every little or corporate system to give security is a firewall. Firewall is characterized as â€Å"a blend of equipment, programming, and systems that controls access to an intranet. Firewalls help to control the data that goes between an intranet and the Internet. A firewall can be straightforward or complex, contingent upon how an association chooses to control its Internet traffic. It might, for instance, be set up to constrain Internet access to email just, with the goal that no different kinds of data can go between the intranet and the Internet† (Firewall.2007). Firewalls are arrange security gadgets that are classified in equipment based firewalls and programming based firewalls. The equipment based firewalls are progressively secure, as they are not subject to the working framework. Then again, programming put together firewalls are needy with respect to the working framework that may show dangers. The decision from these choices relies upon the expense too. Be that as it may, a full highlights firewall may shield the PC organize from programmers or digital crooks. It will recognize, square and isolate infections and pernicious codes that attempts to enter in the system. In addition, setup on the neighborhood shows a graphical UI to guarantee that every preventive measure is dynamic and running (Agnitum station persona firewall ace 2.0.2004). Advantages Constant checking of security is feasible by means of a firewall usage. As all alterations and logs are put away in a firewall, that are unique of appropriation on has on the system. Firewall additionally gives the convention sifting capacity as it channels conventions and administrations related with them so as to make sure about them from abuse. In addition, firewall shrouds inbound correspondence of the system from the outbound system that is additionally called a wide territory arrange (ADVANTAGES OF FIREWALL). Besides, the utilization of PC systems and correspondence lines require ensuring information during transmission. What's more, firewalls likewise give concentrated administration to the system. This is an extreme bit of leeway for the system safety faculty inside an association as the administration and

Preservation Of The Pine Barrens Essays - Pine Barrens, Barrens

Conservation Of The Pine Barrens There is a lot of conservation all through this nation. One that is generally acclaimed to New Jersey is the Pine Barrens. I don't accept this bio various environment ought to be created on. This valuable safeguarding ought to be spared. In these following passages the creator will talk about the creatures in question, the plants, significant parts, and the risks confronting it today. The Pine Barrens is one of the world's extraordinary nature regions. It is assigned as a biosphere save by the United Nations, and a last extraordinary spot by the Nature Conservancy. It covers Atlantic, Burlington, Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester, and Ocean districts. This is unquestionably a spot worth sparing. To start with, in this section the creator might want to talk about the creatures of the Pine Barrens, and where they live. The territories of the creatures comprise of timberlands, lakes, and the wet grounds. Most of woods is dry and loaded with pine trees. The vast majority of the creatures live in this environment. The following most populated territory is the lake, which can be man made or normally made. This is the place the fish, the chain pickerel, the creatures that look for shelter, for example, the woodworker frog, or the creatures that go after them, the Northern Water Snake live. The wet grounds are lush regions close to lakes and tributaries of the lakes like waterways and streams. Numerous little fish, little water reptiles, paint turtles , snakes, and creatures of land and water live here. There are many jeopardized creatures in New Jersey, and the vast majority of them live in the Pinelands. The explanation the vast majority of them are imperiled is on the grounds that they are losing their regular natural surroundings. Numerous creatures are being reintroduced to our state. For example the wild bear, which was once imperiled is presently copious and populates quite a bit of North Jersey. Another creature being reintroduced is the coyote, which is presently flourishing in the Garden State . The Barred Owl, which is jeopardized inside and out, lives here in little numbers. The pine snake is a horrible earthly snake that can likewise be arboreal. Plants are bottomless all through the Pine Barrens. The pine tree is the most average, particularly the pitcher pine. This is a dwarf pine tree just around ten feet. Different trees comprise of pin oaks and cedar. Cedar trees and their underlying foundations are what make the water a caramel red shading. One of the most famous plants is additionally their principle crop. This plant is the blueberry and cranberry shrubberies. The Pinelands likewise have uncommon plants. The pitcher plant, for one is identified with the Venus Fly Trap. This astounding plant traps flies by drawing in them with a fluid which resembles dust situated at the base of the pitcher. The wetlands are an astounding piece of the pinelands. They keep contamination from entering the lakes just as forestalling floods. This is a significant piece of the security of the Pine Barrens. This is the place the imperiled Pine Barrens tree frog lives. On a starry evening you can hear these frogs a mile away. They hang out on reeds and trees close to the water. This woods is home to numerous different creatures. For example, there are cranes, water snake, turtles, lizards, little pickerel and bass, and different frogs like spring peepers. The water snakes are typically confused with toxic water sandals, which don't live in New Jersey. Wetlands are typically close to lake edges, stream edges, or marshes and bogs. There are numerous risks confronting the Pine Barrens today. The most risky is industrialization. Industry contaminates the water land,and air. This incredibly impacts the sensitive environment of the Pinelands and the creatures that live there. This likewise drives route for greater advancement of lodging units. There is as of now restricted woodland, we needn't bother with additionally lodging on this valuable land. Sure it might look lovely to the purchasers, however do they recognize what's truly being finished. Just 295,000 sections of land of 1.1 million are in security. This environment is too critical to even think about wasting. Another difficult that faces the pinelands is woodland fires. There are upwards of 400 backwoods fires for each year. An astounding twenty four of them are not kidding, which implies they pulverize more than 400 sections of land. A large portion of these flames are brought about by human slip-ups. Just

Guiding Principles for Assessment Accommodations

Guiding Principles for Assessment Accommodations Guiding principles for assessment accommodation. Updated on: December 8, 2000 Guiding Principles for Assessment Accommodations Related References Types of AssessmentAccommodationsAccommodationObjectivesCase StudiesAccommodationGlossary When making assessment accommodations, keep the following in mind. Do not assume that every student with disabilities needs assessmentaccommodations. Accommodations used in assessments should parallelaccommodations used in instruction. Obtain approval by the IEP team. The IEP team must determine theaccommodations. Base accommodations on student need. Accommodations should respond tothe needs of the individual student and not be based on the category of thestudent's disability. Do not base decisions about whether to provideaccommodations and what the accommodations should be on educationalprogram placement (e.g., percentage of time the student spends in thegeneral education classroom). While students with the same disability maytend to need the same or similar kinds of accommodations, this is not asound basis for making decisions. Be respectful of the student's cultural and ethnic background. Whensuggesting an accommodation, make sure the student and his or her familyare comfortable with it. When working with a student who has limitedEnglish proficiency, consideration needs to be given to whether theassessment should be explained to the student in his or her native languageor other mode of communication unless it is clearly not feasible to do so. Integrate assessment accommodations into classroom instruction. Neverintroduce an unfamiliar accommodation to a student during an assessment.Preferably, the student should use the accommodation as part of regularinstruction. At the very least, the student should have ample time to learnand practice using the accommodation prior to the assessment. Know whether your state and/or district has an approved list ofaccommodations. Although the ultimate authority for making decisionsabout what accommodations are appropriate rests with the student's IEPteam, many states and districts have prepared a list of officially-approvedaccommodations. These lists vary widely from district to district or state tostate. Generally, there are different documentation procedures depending onwhether the accommodation is or is not found on the state-approved/district-approved list. Practitioners and families should consider the statelaws and district policies. Plan early for accommodations. Begin consideration of assessmentaccommodations long before the student will use them, so that he or she hassufficient opportunity to learn and feel comfortable.Include students in decision making. Whenever possible, include the studentin determining an appropriate accommodation. Find out whether thestudent perceives a need for the accommodation and whether he or she iswilling to use it. If a student does not want to use an accommodation (e.g., itis embarrassing or it is too cumbersome to use), the student probably willnot use it. Understand the purpose of the assessment. Select only thoseaccommodations that do not interfere with the intent of the test. Forexample, if the test measures calculations, a calculator would provide thestudent with an unfair advantage. However, if the math test measuresproblem-solving ability, a calculator may be appropriate. Similarly, reading atest to a student would not present an unfair advantage unless the testmeasures reading ability. Request only those accommodations that are truly needed. Too manyaccommodations may overload the student and prove detrimental. Whensuggesting more than one accommodation, make sure the accommodationsare compatible (e.g., do not interfere with each other or cause an undueburden on the student). Determine if the selected accommodation requires another accommodation.Some accommodations - such as having a test read aloud - may provedistracting for other students, and therefore also may require a settingaccommodation. Provide practice opportunities for the student. Many standardized test formats are very different from teacher-made tests. This may pose problemsfor students. Most tests have sample tests or practice versions. While it isinappropriate to review the actual test with the student, practice tests aredesigned for this purpose. Teach students test-taking tips, such as knowinghow much time is allotted and pacing oneself so as not to spend too muchtime on one item. Orient students to the test format or types of questions.For example, on multiple-choice tests, encourage students to read eachchoice carefully, eliminate the wrong choices, and then select their answer. Remember that accommodations in test taking won't necessarily eliminatefrustration for the student. Accommodations allow a student to demonstratewhat he or she knows and can do. They are provided to meet a student'sdisability-related needs, not to give anyone an unfair advantage. Thus,accommodations will not in themselves guarantee a good score for a studentor reduce test anxiety or other emotional reactions to the testing situation.Accommodations are intended to level the playing field.  

The Crusades During The 21st Century - 1973 Words

Beginning in the 11th century, Christians across Europe fought a series of wars and campaigns called the Crusades1. For many, a Crusade means any war embarked upon for the sake of a promise, vow, or religion2. After some time, it came to mean any religious war against non-Christians3. The Crusades were fought in order that Muslims would be removed from lands that had previously been Christian. These campaigns were most prevalent in the time from the 11th century through the 13th century, with some minor battles being fought through the 16th century4. Fourteen years later, the emperor Charlemagne died, and Christianity came under fire from Magyars, Vikings, and other nations who were considered to be pagan8. Throughout the tenth century,†¦show more content†¦The emperors of Constantinople had not been in communication with the Roman church since 1054, but they asked the popes for help with the issues with the Turks. At this time, Gregory VII was the pope. After exchanging let ters with Michael VII, one of the emperors of Constantinople, in 1073, Pope Gregory VII debated on leading an army to take back the land of Jerusalem, the Holy Sepulcher, and the Christendom. However, his time was occupied with the Investiture Contriversy12. The Investiture Controversy arose after claims that Pope Gregory VII had not been officially elected into office – that is, by the emperor – and was not legitimately a pope13. This caused the Pope to be unable to further his plans for the persecuted Christians. At this same time, Europe was divided into states that were bickering over territory14. During this time of war, in the year 1081, Alexius Comnenus, a general, took the Byzantine throne, becoming known as Emperor Alexius I15. However, at this time, it was the position of pope that had the most power, even enough to start a worldwide war such as the Crusades. However, no matter how much power he had, the pope could not have provoked the Crusades had there not already been conditions set in place which allowed it to happen. One of these ways was the ancient relationship between Syria and the West. At this time, Europeans believed that they were entitled to access to the Holy Sepulcher and, in

How Speciesism Allows for a Constant Animal Holocaust

When we speak of exploitation, holocaust and slaughter, we think of slavery, the five million Jews killed during the Nazis Holocaust, and the many casualties of war, but these numbers pale and are a minuscule fraction compared to the number of non-human animals that are killed daily as a disposable service and resource for humans; their death is invisible, their horror silent. The same facts that shock us become acceptable data, a justifiable commodity of modern living. These anthropocentric sets of moral codes we use to rationalize our actions do not hold upon examination, and consistently brings us face to face with our own intrinsic prejudices. What would you say if I told you that 100 million people were slaughtered today?†¦show more content†¦a prejudice or attitude of bias in favour of the interests of members of one’s’ own species and against those of members of other species (p.6) What these intellectuals and other anti-speciesist thinkers of their ti me had in common is the agreement that discrimination based on species membership and exploitation based on physical differences is not ethically or morally justifiable, because these principles are fundamentally the same as racism, sexism, and other membership founded prejudices. The arguments for speciesism cover a large span of human’s self interests. We are desensitized through culture, tradition, religion, and convenience, all of which propagate man’s dominion, and â€Å"supremacy† over all other sentient beings; similarly, Adolph Hitler’s claimed Germany’s superiority over other races and its God given destiny to rule the world and everyone in it.. The speciesist’s argument flips flops according to the context of the question. We are different. This concept is applied to the question of ethics and rights; by separating ourselves from non-human animals we can justify our actions, often used in reference to the morality of laboratory t esting, albeit, this brings up the question of the validity of such experiments. We are alike. Ironically, this also serves to

Chapter 2 Principles of Management Free Essays

Fundamentals of Social Responsibility: Corporate Social Responsibility: The managerial obligation to take action that protects and improves both the welfare of society as a whole and the interests of the organization. Davis Model of Corporate Social Responsibility: Keith Davis: A generally accepted model of corporate social responsibility. List of 5 propositions that describe why and how business should adhere to obligation to take action that protects and improves the welfare of society as well as of the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 2 Principles of Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Davis model: Proposition 1: Social responsibility arises from social power: Business has power over society and can influence minority and environmental pollution issues. Proposition 2: Business should operate a 2 way system: Inputs from society and open disclosure to the public. Proposition 3: Social costs and benefits shall be considered prior to proceeding: Profits are not the only factors involved. Proposition 4: Social costs shall be passed on to the consumer: Business can bot be expected to foot the bill for social activities; the cost must be passed along to the consumer as well. Proposition 5: Business has a responsibility for some social problems outside their normal area of operation: Business should help solve social problems, if they can. Performance of Social Responsibility Activities by Business: Perform all legally required social responsibility activities. Consider voluntarily performing social responsibility activities beyond those legally required. Inform all relevant individuals of the extent to which the organization will become involved in performing social responsibility activities. Performing Required Social Responsibility Activities: Federal Legislation requires that business perform certain social responsibility activities. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA): Enforces socially responsible environmental standards. Equal pay act of 1963: Equal pay for equal work. Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972: Highway Safety Act of 1978 Clean Air/ Act Amendment of 1990. Voluntarily Performing Social Responsibility Activities: Assessing the positive and negative outcomes of performing social responsibility activities over both the short and long term, and the performing only those activities that maximize management system success while making a desirable contribution to the welfare of society. Social Responsiveness: The degree of effectiveness and efficiency an organization displays in pursuing its social responsibilities. Determining Whether a Social Responsibility Exists: Determine which specific social obligation are implied by specific business situations. Ex: tobacco execs need to consider reducing harm to public while increasing revenues. Social Responsiveness and Decision Making: Socially responsible organizations are both effective and efficient in meeting its social responsibilities without wasting organizational resources in the process. Approaches to meeting Social Responsibilities: Two types of proposed approaches: Lipson S. Prakash Sethi Lipson’s Approach: Incorporate social goals into the annual planning process. Seeks comparative industry norms of social programs. Presents reports to all stakeholders on social responsibility progress. Experiments with different approaches for measuring social performance. Attempts to measure the cost of social programs as well as the return on social program investments. S Prakash Sethi’s Approach: Social obligation approach: Business has economic purpose and social responsibility is covered by legislature. Social responsibility approach: Business has both economic and societal goals. Social responsiveness approach: Business has both economic and societal goals but anticipates future impact of business practices. Planning Social Responsibility Activities: Determining how the organization will achieve its social responsibility objectives. Converting Organizational Policies on Social Responsibility into Action: Phase 1: Recognition, by top management, that the organization has some social obligation. Phase 2: Technical staff give input to top management for implementation. Phase 3: Complete employee acceptance of strategy and responsibility for implementation. Controlling Social Responsibility Activities: Managers assess or measure what is occurring in the organization and, if necessary, change these occurrences in some way to make them conform to plans. Areas of Measurement: Economic function area: Measure of economic contribution the organization is making to society such as fair wages, worker, safety, etc.. Quality of life area: Whether the organization is upholding or improving the general quality of life such as producing high quality items, preserving the natural environment, etc.. Social investment area: Assisting community organizations to solve social problemes such as education, charities, etc.. Problem solving area: Dealing with social problems such as long-rang community problems. Social Audit: The process of measuring the present social responsibility activities of an organization to assess its performance in this area. How society can help business meet social obligations: Set rules that are clear and consistent: Keep the rules technically feasible. Make sure the rules are economically feasible. Make the rules prospective, not retro-active. Make the rules goal setting, not procedure prescribing. Definition of Ethics: The capacity to reflect on values in the corporate decision-making process, to determining how these values and decisions affect various stake holder groups, and to establish how mangers can use these observations in day to day company management.. Why Ethics is a vital part of management practices: Productivity: If employees are treated ethically they will be loyal and productive. Stakeholder Relations: A positive public image is good for business. Government Regulation: If organization behave ethically, there is less pressure on regulation and corporate over-sight. Code of ethics: A formal statement that acts as a guide for the ethics of how people within a particular organization should act and make decisions. Creating an ethical workplace: The golden rule: Do unto others†¦ The Utilitarian principles: Greatest good for greatest number. Kant’s categorical imperative: Universal rule of behavior; fairness. The professional ethics: Assume you are being judged by peers. The T. V. Test: Would you be comfortable saying it in front of national T. V.? The legal test: Is it legal? The four way test: Is it rightful? Is it fair? Will it build good will? Will it be beneficial. Sarbanes-Oxley Reform Standards Passed in 2002 to prevent future deception in publically owned companies. Focuses on promoting ethical conduct. Areas covered include maintaining GAAP, evaluating executive compensation, monitoring fundamental business strategies, understanding and mitigating major risk, and ensuring company structure and process that enhance integrity and reputation. Supports whistle-blowing to discourage deceptive management practices. Consequences: Significant fines and jail time. How to cite Chapter 2 Principles of Management, Papers

Old People a Burden to Society Essay Sample free essay sample

For much of the last half century. public treatment of population issues has focused on the proposition that the universe faced a population detonation. Many predicted desperate effects as population growing quickly used up supplies of exhaustible resources such as metals and crude oil. The criterion of life would worsen as certain indispensable resources became of all time more scarce and dearly-won. This pessimistic position was non new. In 1798. Thomas Malthus. in his celebrated Essay on the Principle of Population. argued. â€Å"The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the Earth to bring forth subsistence for adult male. Population. when unbridled. additions in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases merely in an arithmetical ratio. A little familiarity with Numberss will demo the enormousness of the first power in comparing of the 2nd. † Thus. in Malthus’ position. population growing will necessarily surpass the earth’s capacity t o bring forth nutrient. ensuing in widespread dearth. disease and poorness. Modern concern over population growing portions with Malthus the position that population force per unit areas will hold desperate effects. However. the Malthus position that these effects are inevitable -the position that earned economic sciences the label â€Å"dismal science†-is non shared by informed perceivers today. For some. protagonism of strict methods of population control has replaced resigned pessimism. For others. a world-wide diminution in the birth rate seems to be work outing the job without farther authorities action. If you ask people whether we must go on to be concerned about a population detonation. it is likely that many would react that the job will go highly of import in approaching old ages. Yet. experts who study these issues say that the odds that population growing will do existent trouble in the foreseeable hereafter have receded. We do. nevertheless. face with certainty another population job that will be at manus really soon-a quickly aging population. This article focuses on one deduction of this problem-namely. the effects of an aging population for authorities pension systems. such as the U. S. Social Security system. that rely on revenue enhancements paid by current workers to fund payments to retired persons. The strain on such systems will turn as the figure of ind ividuals having benefits additions relative to those in the labour force and paying revenue enhancements. Population Projections When Malthus wrote his treatise in 1798. the world’s population totaled some 900 million individuals. Today. universe population is approximately 6. 4 billion individuals. and about 100 million individuals are added to the sum every twelvemonth. Figure 1 secret plan estimations of entire universe population from 1750 to 2000. including projections of universe population to 2050 made by the United Nations. 1 For centuries. the world’s population grew easy. as high rates of mortality mostly offset high birth rates. Wars. dearths and epidemic diseases caused many people to decease immature ; accordingly. mean life anticipation was low. In Europe. conditions began to better by the 17th and 18th centuries. with increased nutrient supplies and betterments in personal hygiene and public sanitation. Peoples began to populate longer while birth rates remained high ; hence. Europe’s population began to increase quickly. By the terminal of the nineteenth century. many other parts of the universe had begun to see additions in life span. and population growing increased throughout the universe in the twentieth century. World population more than doubled between 1950 and 2000 and has about quadrupled since 1900. Presently. universe population is turning at a rate of 1. 35 per centum per twelvemonth. Dire Malthusian anticipations have non come true. nevertheless. Although we do witness dearth. disease and poorness. as Malthus predicted. these events are normally isolated and reflect impermanent jobs. frequently created by civil war. Across the universe. nutrient is by and large more abundant and less expensive. measured in footings of the sum of labour that must be expended to obtain a given degree of nutrition. than it of all time has been. Agricultural productiveness continues to lift quickly. and it seems improbable that universe nutrient supply will be a restraint on population growing for old ages to come. if of all time. Furthermore. there are grounds to believe that universe population growing will decelerate during the following 50 old ages. as the U. N. projections plotted in Figure 1 indicate. Population growing has already slowed markedly in much of the developed universe because b irthrate rates have declined. Increased educational and employment chances for adult females. every bit good as more widespread usage of preventives. have contributed to an addition in the mean age at which adult females begin to hold kids and to a diminution in the entire figure of kids they have. Most European and North American states have already experienced a significant diminution in birthrate rates ; they completed their â€Å"demographic transition† from high rates of birthrate and mortality to low rates by the 19th and early twentieth centuries. Many lesser-developed states are now at the intermediate phase of low mortality. but still high birthrate rates ; accordingly. their population growing is rapid. Although still good above norm. birthrate rates have declined well in many of these states during the past 20 old ages. which will take to worsening population growing in coming decennaries. U. N. predictors expect universe population growing to decelerate to about 0. 33 per centum per twelvemonth by 2050. at which clip predictors are foretelling that universe population will number some 8. 9 billion individuals. Interestingly. by mid-century. U. N. predictors predict a universe mean birthrate rate-that is. the mean figure of kids a adult female will bear in her lifetime-of 1. 85. At that rate. birthrate will be below the degree necessary for population to remain constant-about 2. 1 kids per adult female. Consequently. universe population is expected to get down worsening sometime toward the terminal of this century. As Figu re 2 shows. birthrate rates are already below the replacing rate in many economically advanced states. As of 2000. the United States was the lone big. economically developed state with a birthrate rate above 2 kids per adult female. A Greying Population A diminution in the birth rate evidently means that population growing will decelerate. But no fancy computations are required to understand that a crisp diminution in the birth rate will besides make an instability in a population ; the diminution in the figure of immature people necessarily means that the proportion of older people in the population will lift. A good drumhead step of a population’s age is the average age-the age such that half the population is older and half is younger. Over the past half century. the average age of the world’s population has increased by 2. 8 old ages. from 23. 6 in 1950 to 26. 4 in 2000. The United Nations forecasts average age to lift to 36. 8 old ages in 2050. More-developed states are expected to hold an addition in average age from 37. 3 old ages to 45. 2 old ages. and lesser-developed states from 24. 1 old ages to 35. 7 old ages. Japan is today the state with the oldest population. holding a average age of 41. 3 old ages. Japa n is projected to hold a average age of 53. 2 old ages in 2050. The average age of the U. S. population. by contrast. is 35. 2 old ages and is forecast to be 39. 7 old ages in 2050. Datas on average age. as of 2000 and prognosiss for 2050. for selected states are aforethought inFigure 3. The world’s fastest turning age group is comprised of those aged 80 and older. In 2000. 69 million individuals. or 1. 1 per centum of universe population. were this old. By 2050. the figure aged 80 or older is expected to more than quintet to 377 million and be 4. 2 per centum of universe population. In that twelvemonth. 21 states or countries are projected to hold at least 10 per centum of their population aged 80 or over. Japan is forecast to hold 15. 5 per centum of its population aged 80 or older-the highest of any country-and have about 1 per centum of its population comprised of individuals aged 100 or more. The United States is projected to hold 7. 2 per centum of its population made up of those 80 and older. To understand the deductions of the greying population. believe about a household life on the U. S. frontier 150 old ages ago. The household was mostly self-sufficing. turning its ain nutrient. doing its tapers and constructing its ain house with some aid from neig hbours. The working members of the household had to turn the nutrient for the full household. including kids and aged grandparents. The kids went to work at a immature age. and the grandparents worked in the Fieldss every bit long as they could. The larger the figure of kids excessively immature to work and the larger the figure of handicapped aged. the greater the load on those in their premier on the job old ages. The fact that we live in a high-income industrial society does non alter the fact that those working must bring forth all the goods and services consumed by the full population. Non-working dependants are dependants merely as certainly today as they were on the farm 150 old ages ago. Those in the working population will hold to back up themselves and the dependent population of kids and aged. The United States and other high-income states have public pension systems. such as our Social Security system. to back up the aged. But the Social Security system sets the retirement day of the month by the calendar and non by capacity to work. Thus. today. many and possibly most people retire while physically able to work fruitfully. The graying of the population poses a serious financial job as the dependence ratio-that i s. the ratio of individuals out of the labour force to the figure of individuals in the labour force-rises. Government pension systems-Social Security in the United States-are where a lifting dependence ratio has its most obvious impact. Social Security. like the public systems of most states. is a pay-as-you-go system. significance that revenue enhancements paid by current workers are used to fund payments to today’s benefit receivers. instead than invested in histories or otherwise set aside to finance the benefits of those presently paying revenue enhancements when they retire. To be certain. under current jurisprudence. one’s Social Security benefits are related to the revenue enhancements he or she paid while working. but that link relies on the ability of authorities to impose revenue enhancements on one coevals of workers to finance benefits promised to another coevals. Obviously. as the figure of individuals having benefits rises relative to the figure paying revenue enhancements. the mean taxpayer must shoulder a larger and larger load or. instead. benefits must be cut. One manner to believe about Social Security revenue enhancements today is that they are like the nutrient grown by frontier hu sbandmans that they do non acquire to devour because the nutrient goes to their parents and children- their dependants. Some of the income earned by those working today has to be diverted to supply benefits for retired dependants. The load will lift well in coming old ages because the figure of retired persons will lift comparative to those at work. Projections by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) indicate that public transportations to retired individuals for pensions and wellness attention will increase in the mean OECD state by some 6 per centum points of GDP. from 21 per centum to 27 per centum. between now and 2050. 2 Unless promised hereafter benefits are cut significantly. significant revenue enhancement additions will be necessary to consequence such transportations. However. as a recent OECD study concludes. drastic revenue enhancement additions could do affairs worse by cut downing the inducements for market work and for salvaging. 3 The OECD concludes that in many states it may be necessary both to cut down promised benefits and to increase the inducements for work. In recent decennaries. there has been a inclination for people to come in the labour force at a higher age while retiring at an earlier age. Consequently. the proportion of life spent working has declined. This phenomenon r eflects a figure of factors. including increasing returns to instruction and progressively generous transportation plans that encourage early retirement. In states that experienced a post-World War II babe roar. big additions in the labour force in the sixtiess and 1970s reduced the dependence ratio and enabled progressively generous transportation payments to retired individuals. However. if life anticipation continues to increase. as demographists project. the dependence ratio will lift and such transportations will represent an increasing load on those working. This treatment should do clear that the cardinal job our society-and all aging societies-faces is one of an increasing figure of retired people relative to working people. To avoid significant revenue enhancement additions on future workers. somecombination of merely two possible solutions must be chosen. One is to cut down the one-year payments to Social Security donees. and the other is to cut down the figure of retirement old ages by raising the retirement age. Not surprisingly. many analysts conclude that reform must get down by cut downing inducements in the public pension systems of many states that encourage early retirement. Often. public pension systems offer generous benefit payments to early retired persons. Although early retired persons typically receive a smaller one-year pension than i ndividuals who wait until they are older to retire. the difference in many states is deficient to deter big Numberss of people from retiring early. The United States is something of an exclusion. For a adult male with mean income. our Social Security system is approximately impersonal between ages 62 and 70-Social Security neither encourages nor discourages continued employment. Beyond that age. nevertheless. the inducement to stay in the labour force is low. Put another manner. the inexplicit revenue enhancement of staying in the labour force-forgone benefits-is comparatively high. At a proficient design degree. there are a figure of possible ways to make a more impersonal system with regard to retirement age so that at a lower limit. those who want to work longer are non penalized for making so. The thought is that one-year benefits need to be higher by an actuarially just sum when retirement is delayed. A recent OECD survey found a close correlativity between inducements to retire and retirement behavior-not surprisingly. people do react to incentives! The deduction of this research. harmonizing to its writers. is that labour force engagement in the 55-64 age group would b e increased well by reforms that abolished policy-induced inducements to retire early. Indeed. the study goes on to propose that policy-makers should see skewing inducements against retirement. at least up to some age. in acknowledgment that people who work supply a net positive impact on public budgets. 4 By go oning to work past normal retirement age. people support themselves and pay revenue enhancements that help to cut down the revenue enhancement load that would otherwise autumn on others. Several states have begun to harness in their public pension systems by establishing reforms that cut down inducements to retire early. Although an of import first measure. many analysts conclude that the age at which individuals are eligible for benefits will besides hold to increase in order to avoid significant decreases in benefit payments. The United States has in topographic point a gradual addition in the retirement age for full Social Security benefits from age 65 to age 67 by 2025. Our Social Security system was begun in the 1930s when the mean 65-year-old individual could anticipate to populate about 13 more old ages. By 2000. those extra old ages at age 65 had increased to about 18. The addition in normal retirement age from 65 to 67 by 2025 that is in current jurisprudence evidently does non travel far plenty to countervail this addition in life anticipation. Indeed. the legal guardians of the U. S. Social Security and Medicare trust financess project that. under current jurisprudence. Social Security spendings will get down to transcend paysheet revenue enhancement gross in 2018 and that the Social Security trust fund will be wholly exhausted by 2042. 5 The OECD has recommended a figure of other reforms to its member states to promote older individuals to stay active participants in the labour force. These include taking labour market rigidities that discourage parttime employment and implementing reforms that would increase the portion of retirement income from private beginnings relative to public pay-as-you-go systems. Such policy reforms could assist relieve the financial challenges posed by aging populations both by take downing dependence ratios and by prefering economic growing. Decision Demographic alteration in the United States and elsewhere in the universe presents tremendous challenges. In much of the universe. the combination of increased life anticipation and a decreased birth rate has created a state of affairs in which average age is lifting quickly. As a consequence. authorities transportation plans. such as Social Security. that rely on revenue enhancements born by those presently working to fund benefits for those who are out of the labour force will come under increasing strain. Policy-makers will confront hard determinations because financial balance can be restored in such plans merely by cut downing promised benefits. raising revenue enhancements or through some combination of the two. Two of the more toothsome and frequently discussed options are the remotion of inducements that encourage early retirement and a gradual addition in the age of eligibility for retirement benefits to reflect increased life anticipation. Whether such reforms will be suffi cient will depend. of class. on how rapidly they are implemented and how far they go. Endnotes 1. All population informations presented in this article are from the United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision. For the birthrate and average age informations. seewww. un. org/esa/population/publications/wpp2002/wpp2002annextables. PDF ( tables 3 and 8. severally ) . The universe population informations have since been updated in the 2004 alteration. and the 2002 informations are non readily available. For the 2004 information. see http: //esa. un. org/unpp. [ back to text ] 2. The OECD is an international organisation of 30 states headquartered in Paris. [ back to text ] 3. â€Å"Strengthening Growth and Public Finances in an Era of Demographic Change. † Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. May 7. 2004. See www. oecd. org/eco. [ back to text ] 4. This research is summarized in â€Å"Strengthening Growth and Public Finances in an Era of Demographic Change. † OECD. May 2004. [ back to text ] 5. 2004 Annual Report of the Social Security and Medicare Boards of Trustees. The U. S. Social Security plan comprises two parts. The Old-Age and Survivors Insurance ( OASI ) plan wages retirement and subsister benefits. and the Disability

Antigone Essays (892 words) - Ancient Greece, Greek Mythology

Antigone In Ancient Greece, new ideals surfaced as answers to life's complicated questions. These new beliefs were centered around the expanding field of science. Man was focused on more than the Gods or heavenly concerns. A government that was ruled by the people was suggested as opposed to a monarchy that had existed for many years. Freedom of religion was encouraged to be exercised in city-states. These new ideals, though good in intentions, often conflicted with each other creating complex moral dilemmas. Such was the case in Antigone a play written by Sophocles during this era of change. In the play, Antigone and Creon battle a philosophical war dealing with the controversy of the Greek ideals. They both based their actions on their beliefs of what is right and wrong. The conflict arose when the ideals that backed up their actions clashed with each other, making it contradiction between morals. Antigone's side of the conflict held a much more heavenly approach, as opposed to the mundane road that Creon chose to follow. Antigone feels that Creon is disregarding the laws of heaven through his edict. After she is captured and brought to Creon, she tells him ?I do not think your edicts strong enough to overrule the unwritten unalterable laws of God and heaven, you being only a man.? Antigone's staunch opinion is one that supports the Gods and the laws of heaven. Her reasoning is set by her belief that if someone is not given a proper burial, that person would not be accepted into heaven. Antigone was a very religious person, and acceptance of her brother by the Gods was very important to her. She felt that ?It is against you and me he has made this order. Yes, against me.? Creon's order was personal to Antigone. His edict invaded her family life as well as the Gods'. An important ideal in Ancient Greece was the belief that the government was to have no control in matters concerning religious beliefs. In Antigone's eyes, Creon betrayed that ideal by not allowing her to properly bury her brother, Polynices. She believed that the burial was a religious ceremony, and Creon did not have the power to deny Polynices that right. Antigone's strong beliefs eventually led her to her death by the hand of Creon. Never, though, did she stop defending what she thought was right. As Creon ordered her to her death, Antigone exclaimed, ?I go, his prisoner, because I honoured those things in which honour truly belongs.? She is directly humiliating Creon by calling his opinions and decisions weak and unjust. She also emphasizes ?his prisoner,? which tells us that Creon's decision to capture Antigone was his own, and was not backed up by the majority of the people. She feels that Creon is abusing his power as king and dealing with her task to a personal level. Creon's actions are guided by the ideal that states ?Man is the measure of all things.? The chorus emphasizes this point during the play by stating that ?There is nothing beyond (man's) power.? Creon believes t hat the good of man comes before the gods. Setting the example using Polynices' body left unburied is a symbol of Creon's belief. ?No man who is his country's enemy shall call himself my friend.? This quote shows that leaving the body unburied is done to show respect for Thebes. After all, how could the ruler of a city-state honor a man who attempted to invade and conquer his city. From that perspective, Creon's actions are completely just and supported by the ideals. Though most of Creon's reasonings coincide with the Greek ideals, one ideal strongly contradicts his actions. The ideal states that the population would be granted freedom from political oppression and that freedom of religion would be carried out. Creon defied both of these. First, Antigone was ?his prisoner?, not necessarily the publics. In fact, the general population supported Antigone, though they were too scared to say anything. Haemon, the son of Creon, knew of this, and told Creon, ?Has she not rather earned a crown of gold?- Such is the secret talk of the town.? This proves that Creon was exercising complete domination of political

Holocaust Genealogy - Researching Holocaust Ancestors

Holocaust Genealogy - Researching Holocaust Ancestors It is a sad reality that most Jews researching their families will eventually discover relatives who were victims of the Holocaust. Whether youre searching for information about relatives who disappeared or were killed during the Holocaust, or want to learn whether any relatives survived the Holocaust and may have living descendants there are a number of resources available to you. Begin your venture into Holocaust research by interviewing your living family members. Try to learn the names, ages, birthplaces, and last known whereabouts of the people you would like to trace. The more information you have, the easier your search. Search the Yad Vashem Database The major archive center for the Holocaust is Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, Israel. They are a good first step for anyone looking for information on the fate of a Holocaust victim. They maintain a Central Database of Shoah Victims Names and are also attempting to document every one of the six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust. These Pages of Testimony document the name, place and circumstances of death, occupation, names of family members and other information. In addition, they include information on the informations submitter, including his/her name, address and relationship to the deceased. Over three million Jewish Holocaust victims have been documented to date. These Pages of Testimony are also available online as part of the Central Database of Shoah Victims Names. The International Tracing Service As millions of Holocaust refugees scattered throughout Europe following World War II, a common collection point was created for information about Holocaust victims and survivors. This information repository evolved into the International Tracing Service (ITS). To this day, information on Holocaust victims and survivors is still collected and disseminated by this organization, now a part of the Red Cross. They maintain an index of information relating to more than 14 people affected by the Holocaust. The best way to request information through this service is to contact the Red Cross in your country. In the United States, the Red Cross maintains the Holocaust and War Victims Tracing Center as a service for U.S. residents. Yizkor Books Groups of Holocaust survivors and friends and relatives of Holocaust victims created Yiskor books, or Holocaust memorial books, to memorialize the community in which they once lived. These groups of individuals, known as landsmanshaftn, were generally comprised of former residents of a particular town. Yizkor books are written and compiled by these ordinary people to convey the culture and feeling of their life before the Holocaust, and to remember the families and individuals of their hometown. The usefulness of the content for family history research varies, but most Yizkor books contain information on the history of the town, along with names and family relationships. You may also find lists of Holocaust victims, personal narratives, photographs, maps and drawings. Almost all include a separate Yizkor section, with memorial notices remembering and commemorating individuals and families lost during the war. Most Yizkor books are written in Hebrew or Yiddish. Online resources for Yizkor books include: JewishGen Yizkor Book Project - A database of Yizkor books with information on the library that holds each book, a searchable necrology index, and translations submitted by volunteers. NY Public Library - Yizkor Books Online - includes full digital images of 650 of the 700 postwar yizkor books in the collection of The York Public Library. Connect with Living Survivors A variety of registries can be found online which help connect Holocaust survivors and the descendants of Holocaust survivors. JewishGen Holocaust Global Registry - This registry provides a central place for anyone searching Holocaust survivors, and includes the names of survivors and their family members from all over the globe. Dont miss the heartwarming success stories submitted by users of the registry! Registry of Holocaust Survivors - The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. maintains an updated, computerized Registry of survivors. Holocaust Testimonies The Holocaust is one of the most documented events in world history, and much can be learned from reading the stories of the survivors. A number of Web sites include stories, videos and other first-hand accounts of the Holocaust. Voices of the Holocaust -This documentary project by the Illinois Institute of Technology includes first-hand accounts of the Holocaust collected by Dr. David Boder in 1946. Testimonies of the Holocaust - The USC Shoah Foundation Institute interviewed and collected testimonies from nearly 52,000 Holocaust survivors and other witnesses. The Testimony Catalog is available online and on CD-ROM, although names are omitted from the online version for privacy reasons. The catalog includes basic biographical info only, including city and country of birth, religious identity and wartime experiences. The actual videos and other data are maintained in the archives.Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies - A collection of over 4,300 videotaped interviews with witnesses and survivors of the Holocaust. Part of Yale Universitys department of Manuscripts and Archives. The video interviews are not available online, but you can view several brief testimony excerpts. For further, more detailed information on researching the people of the Holocaust, I highly recommend the book How to Document Victims and Locate Survivors of the Holocaust by Gary Mokotoff. Many of the essential how to portions of the book have been placed online by the publisher, Avotaynu, and the full book can also be ordered through them.

Nursing implication for patient with agitation behavior Dissertation

Nursing implication for patient with agitation behavior - Dissertation Example From the Keady & Jones (2010) study it becomes clear that the agitation, aggression and restless behaviour of a patient with Alzheimer’s disease are really an attempt to communicate this discomfort experienced by the patient. In understanding these communication attempts by the patient may be the key to the use of non-pharmacological means to address the challenge of agitation in these patients. The most valuable quality of a nurse is the ability to assess one’s self to help others by self-awareness. It is crucial to know about personal stress that can meddle in one’s ability to communicate with patients. The review suggests non-pharmacological alternative like assertive skills that patient can learn by participating in structured groups and programs like walking program to increase mobility, teaching memory tactics to facilitate assistive device use and reduction of hypnotic and analgesics use. Homework also can be given to these patients to help them generalize these skills. Providing productive activities reduce the chance of inappropriate patient behavior. The Frank case study provides a step-wise model of how nursing intervention towards employing non-pharmacological intervention means to address agitation in these patients.

Antibacterial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Antibacterial - Essay Example Their benefit in the medical field and personal hygiene notwithstanding, antimicrobial exhibit certain side effects. Introduction Antibacterial are host of compounds or substances that inhibit or retard the growth of bacteria. They belong to a larger family of compounds known as antimicrobials among which are antifungal and antiviral compounds. Chemically, antibacterial can be isolated from living organisms, obtained by chemical modification of natural compounds or synthesized (Von Nussbaum, 2006). Aminoglycosides, such as streptomycin, are classes of antibacterials that are isolated from living systems. Compounds, such as sulfonamides, that have antibacterial property are obtained solely by chemical synthesis. Semi-synthetic modification of natural compounds also yield antibacterial compounds such as penicillin. The biological activity of antibacterials differs. Some function by killing the target bacteria as in bactericidal agents, while others slow down the growth or reproduction of the bacteria as in bacteriostatic agents (Calderon and Sabundayo, 2007). Bactericidal agents are further grouped as bactericidal disinfectants, bactericidal antiseptic, and bactericidal antibiotics. Several factors, which include the host defense mechanism, the location of the infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial, affect the outcome of antibacterial therapy with antibacterial compound (Pankey and Sabeth, 2004). The concentration of the antibacterial also affects its biological activity of antibacterials, thus in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the antibacterial agent being investigated. To ascertain the drug efficacy of an antibacterial, its antibacterial activity is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and results of other pharmacological parameters obtained during clinical studies. Mode of action of antibacterials The mode of action of antibacterial differs; indeed, this difference offers a criterion for classification of antibacterials as either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Some bactericidal agents, such as penicillin, target the bacterial cell wall, while some, for example polymixins, disrupt cell membrane, and another group of bactericidal agents, for instance sulfonamides, interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (Calderon and Sabundayo, 2007). Antibacterial agents that are bacteriostatic in action, such as tetracyclines, target protein synthesis and eventually slow down the growth or reproduction of the bacteria (Calderon and Sabundayo, 2007). Bactericidal agents have found use as disinfectants, antiseptics and antibiotics. For instance, chloroxylenol, a phenolic, is the active antibacterial ingredient in Dettol (Acenzi, 1996), a household disinfectant and antiseptic. Figure 1. Chemical structure of chloroxylenol Chloroxylenol functions by disrupting the cell membrane potential of bacteria. Potassium permanganate, KmnO4, is a strong oxidizing agent that has find application as an antibacterial agent. It is used as antiseptic and disinfectant for treating aquariums and swimming pools. Mere exposure of KmnO4 to sunlight yields oxygen through its decomposition. 2 KMnO4(s) > K2MnO4(s) + MnO2(s) + O2(g) The oxygen oxidizes the cell membrane of the bacteria resulting in the loss of structure and ultimately, cell lysis and death of the bacteria.

A Short Biography Of Dr Jim Cummins English Language Essay

A Short Biography Of Dr Jim Cummins English Language Essay This paper will give a short biography of Dr. Jim Cummins, a well-known second language educator and a major contributor to the body of research driving TESL techniques. It will cover his more significant contributions to the field of bilingual education, and it will provide a more detailed and deeper look at his theoretical contributions to TESL. Dr. Jim Cummins: An Author Study In 1970, Dr. Jim Cummins earned his first college degree, a B.A., from the University of Dublin in Psychology. He then went on to earn a doctorate in Educational Psychology in 1974 from the University of Alberta. In 1997, he was also granted an honorary doctorate from the Bank Street College of Education in New York City. Dr. Cummins is currently a professor in Ontario, Canada at the University of Toronto where he works in the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (Canadian Education Association, 2010). Dr. Cummins has an extensive list of published work relating to second language learning and literacy and is a seminar presenter. He is also known for being a prominent researcher in bilingual education as well as the effects of technology on instruction (Race, Culture, Identity, and Achievement Seminar, 2005). One of the main contributions to the TESL community which is credited to Dr. Cummins is the concept of Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP). BICS is the social aspect of language you would normally find in everyday situations like playgrounds, talking, playing sports, and the like. BICS develops more quickly than CALP, usually taking six months to two years to develop. CALP, by contrast, is harder to learn and takes longer to develop; it actually takes five to seven years to achieve proficiency. CALP is the style of language students need to succeed in academic areas and as students rise through higher and higher grade levels, the language gets harder to comprehend and context gradually reduces (Haynes, 1998). Although BICS and CALP are widely seen as established theories there have been some criticisms and contrary opinions. In a publication titled Putting Language Proficiency in its Place: Responding to Critiques of the Conversational/Academic Language Distinction, Dr. Cummins defends his position on BICS and CALP. He points out several key factors that indicate that second language academic language emerges slowly. First, in North America minority children have been given IQ tests in their secondary language after only two or three years in their new country. As a result, a higher proportion of ELL students ended up in special education services. Dr. Cummins points out that this calls the validity of the IQ test itself into question. Since the IQ test is based on the norms and experiences of the dominant culture, it would follow that the minority, or ELL, population might be at a disadvantage on this standardized test. Therefore, the test itself is probably not doing a good job of discr iminating actual special education students from normal students who lack the CALP to pass the thresholds on the standardized test. A second point by Dr. Cummins is that many ELL students are forced out of ELL services after three years. This arbitrary time limit goes against the idea that CALP takes five to seven years to develop, and what has been discovered is that many of these students who are forced out of ELL services end up experiencing academic failure. This seems to support the CALP theory. A third point he makes, answering critics, is that BICS and CALP are not meant to take into account all of the facets of sociolinguistic development; the theories are specifically meant to cover second language learners, not all language development of all learners. So the idea that BICS and CALP do not take into account all the myriad aspects of language is meaningless. A fourth point in Cummins rebuttal paper is that BICS, although basic in nature, will have some cognitive aspects; he makes the analogy of joke-telling. Telling a joke is a BICS activity, but it will have some cognitive elements. Basically his point is that if some BICS interactions have aspects of cognitive functions, then it does not negate the entire BICS/CALP theory. Furthermore, he goes on to clarify that CALP should not be seen as superior, just different. Finally, Cummins calls on the support of two fellow researchers, Biber and Corson, whose research generally supports his theory of BICS and CALP (Cummins, 1999). Cummins has produced many opinions and given much advice on the development of CALP in ELL students. One that is interesting is the idea that language is always considered to be an intervening variable rather than an isolated variable that stands on its own and causes some given outcome. Basically, language develops both in and out of school so it is not entirely under the control of the teacher. Another point Cummins makes is that reading is critical to the development of CALP; he points out that although the home life and home culture of students will, and arguably should, determine much of their language development, it is essential that they read books because this improves and embellishes their understanding of the fundamental parts of language, like syntax, which they otherwise might not encounter. Furthermore, he recommends reading a variety of text materials. The decline of reading proficiencies between fourth and sixth grades is another point Cummins has commented on; he att ributes this phenomenon to the simple fact that the reading material changes from familiar topics and text to more abstract or technical words and topics. Cooperative learning is also suggested by Cummins as a means to develop CALP because these interactive activities become more internalized. Writing is also suggested by Cummins not only as a means to develop CALP, but also as a means to expression in the ELL classroom (Grigorenko, 2005). Another large contribution that Dr. Cummins has made to the TESL academic community is the concept of Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP). CUP is a set of skills that a child learns while acquiring his or her first, or primary, language. This set of skills applies to the next language he or she learns. Thus, the CUP serves as a basis for learning any and all languages. Any growth of the CUP skill set will enhance learning in all languages. Furthermore, this explains why people find the second language, and subsequent languages, easier to learn than the first language. For this reason, mainstream teachers and ELL teachers must remember to encourage further development of the primary language as the children also learn a second language (Shoebottom, 1996). One interesting enhancement, or extrapolation, to the concept of CUP can be found in Dr. Cummins article Immersion Education for the Millenium: What We Have Learned from 30 Years of Research on Second Language Immersion. In this article he describes two principles that I understood to be related to the concept of CUP. First, he mentions the Additive Bilingual Enrichment Principle whereby bilingual students have been shown to improve their linguistic processing ability, somewhat due to the fact that the bilingual child has had more practice processing language. In answer to those who would deny students L1 development in conjunction with L2, Dr. Cummins states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the development of additive bilingual skills entails no negative consequences for childrens academic, linguistic, or intellectual developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦evidence points in the direction of subtle meta-linguistic, academic and intellectual benefits for bilingual children. (Cummins, 1999). The second princip le illustrated in this article is the Linguistic Interdependence Principle which means that students will experience no loss of linguistic function in L1 as they study in L2 because the two are connected and interdependent in the learners mind (Cummins, 1999). A third main theoretical contribution made by Dr. Cummins is the concept of task difficulty. Tasks range in difficulty along one continuum from cognitively undemanding to cognitively demanding; and along another continuum from context-embedded to context-reduced (Shoebottom, 1999). This is a Cummins concept which is well-known to TESL educators whereby it becomes understood that a low-context, high-cognitive skill, such as conceptual mathematics, is much harder for a second language student to comprehend than a task or skill, like buying popcorn, which is high-context and low-cognitive in nature (Azusa Unified School District, 2007). On the topic of language as related to concepts like mathematics we may often notice that students will continue to speak in a BICS modality, even when a CALP modality would be more appropriate to the situation. Lloyd notes that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Cummins observes that students are most likely to speak with each other in peer appropriate ways regardless of their second language proficiencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this suggests that even when opportunities arise for students to engage in mathematical dialogues with one another, they may do so using primarily natural language or BICS and may not further develop their CALP (Lloyd, et. Al., 2005). The previous paragraphs of this paper have dealt with Dr. Cummins most popular and widely-respected theories in TESL. However, from reading and searching the internet I have found two other main themes in Dr. Cummins research that perhaps the novice TESL teacher may have missed or not experienced in the typical TESL course work. First, he seems to be driven to discuss and comment on the educational rights and socio-political atmosphere surrounding ELL populations. Second, he has done some work in educational technology that is not as pervasive in reviews of his body of work. In Dr. Cummins web publication titled The Ethics of Doublethink: Language Rights and the Bilingual Education Debate he makes several points that illuminate his core educational beliefs. First, his use of the Orwellian term doublethink points to a situation where two contradictory ideas exist in the thinkers mind at the same time. He uses the term doublethink with regards to three respected academic people whose comments helped to pass California Proposition 227. Using the term from Orwells well-known book 1984 paints a dark picture of the people in question, as if they were cold-minded bureaucrats. Proposition 227 was a step backwards for ELL opportunities in that state, and Cummins illuminates the fact that these three academics simultaneously spoke in support of Proposition 227 as well as having a record of supporting bilingual education. Cummins clarifies that bilingual education is heavily rooted in the L1 while also teaching English and was considered a positive idea, until the three researchers came out in support of Proposition 227. In his conclusion section Cummins tone is scathing and he calls into question the ethics of these three popular and respected academics. (Cummins, 1999). From the tone of his dialog in this article it becomes clear that Cummins is very passionate about the truthfulness in his TESL community, and he clearly has the students best interests in mind. He sounds like a very dedicated educator, rather than a pandering politician. Another publication by Cummins titled Rights and Responsibilities of Educators of Bilingual-Bicultural Children illuminates more clearly the beliefs held by this prominent educator. He argues that educators who deal with bilingual-bicultural students have the right and the responsibility to positively impact these childrens lives, and he goes on to illustrate the racism present in both the communities these children live in as well as the legislation that affects their educational experiences. As an example of a community turning against a minority group, he discusses a situation that got very heated in Pittsburgh. The school district, under political pressure from the dominant culture, decided to do away with a very successful bilingual program in favor of a more widely called-for, but less-effective, English immersion program. Cummins comments on how the dominant culture of the geographical region acted in a racially-charged manner to the detriment of the children in question. As a n example of legislative bias he again discusses Californias Proposition 227, of 1998, which limited severely the use of L1 in the classroom to assist with instruction. He discusses the xenophobic distortions of the media surrounding this legislative action, and the seemingly ridiculous assertions such as one year of English is adequate to get a child trained so that he can succeed in the regular classroom. After illustrating these two frightening examples of cultural bias, Cummins discusses some successful TESL programs and a concept called the Foyer model. The main aspect of the Foyer model that makes it successful is the idea that educators need to respect and tap into the primary, or former, culture of the ELL students. (Cummins, 2000). In this article we once again feel the dedication to the research, the decades of learning and the passion for TESL concepts held by Dr. Cummins. His tone in the article is frustrated and indignant at times. Clearly, he has nothing but distaste for the political situations which led to these two examples. One last contribution made by Dr. Cummins to consider in this paper is his work with technology in TESL techniques; this is perhaps a less well-known aspect of his work, and certainly it is much less pervasive on the internet. In his article titled e-Lective Language Design of a Computer-Assisted Test-Based ESL/EFL Learning System, Dr. Cummins elaborates on his use of technology to enhance ELL success. Using his theoretical system, which calls for a multimedia CD-ROM, as well as L1 to L2 dictionaries, students or teachers can import any text in electronic form and use the computer assistant program to help with comprehension. The computer program has several main features. First, it uses text in electronic form, and Cummins makes a point of saying that the name e-Lective is a reference to the term e-mail and is an appropriate name because the educator using it must realize that it is designed for use with electronic text only. Second, Cummins, in a very clever way, incorporates the root word lect into the name of the program. Lect, as he explains, forms the basis for several cognates that refer to reading. Third, the title has the word elective in it, and this implies that the ELL student will be able to m ake learning choices as learning progresses. Finally, Cummins explains that his program is different from most of the computer-assisted language learning programs because the learner is able to import the material he or she reads and works with; this is much different from the typical computer language program that has a pre-set, built-in curriculum, and the reading that can be imported is much more valid to the curriculum being taught and, perhaps, more interesting and valid for the learner. Essentially, students import and read any electronic text they want, and can pause as they read to get a definition, pronunciation, L1 equivalent of the unfamiliar L2 word, idiomatic expressions as needed, and cognates if applicable (Cummins, 1999). To conclude, this paper has reviewed in some depth the main theories of Dr. Cummins: BICS and CALP, CUP, and Task complexity with regards to level of context clues and severity of cognitive demands on the learner. Additionally, Dr. Cummins scholarly work as an advocate for equity issues, and educational morality, in TESL was examined. Finally, a description of his more-recent, and less-known, work with computer-assisted TESL education was described. Dr. Cummins has been shown to be a cornerstone of TESL research and techniques as well as a strong voice in political and academic circles who views TESL as a moral obligation of the educational establishment.

Social Science Paper

Christine Louise S. Lacanaria 2-Xavier TYPE| DEMOCRACY (CAPITLISM)| COMMUNISM| SOCIALISM| DEFINITION| an  economic system  based on the  private ownership  of  capital goods  and the  means of production, with the creation of goods and services for profit  . There are multiple variants of capitalism, including  laissez-faire,  welfare capitalism  and  state capitalism. from  Latin  communis  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ common, universal is a  revolutionary socialist  movement to create a  classless, moneyless  and  stateless  social order  structured  upon  common ownership  of the  means of production, It is where everyone is equal where as if one gets everybody must also have it| refers to an  economic system  characterised by  social ownership  of the  means of production  and co-operative management of the economy. [1]†Social ownership† may refer to  cooperative  enterprises,  common ownership,  state ownership, or citizen ownership of equity| CHARACTERISTICS| Private property-the right to own resources and bequeath property.Freedom of economic choice-work/not work, spend/not spend. Government should let markets be with a hands-off philosophy. | A theoretical economic system characterized by the collective ownership of property and by the organization of labor for the common advantage of all members. A system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single, often authoritarian party holds power, claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people. | are economic systems that emphasize public ownership and heavy government influence in economic affairs.As a political system, socialism emphasizes co-operative work for the common good, a uniformed class system, and reductions of hierarchy in both economics and politics. | GOVERNMENT| The government and the leader is chosen by the people and almost everyone or majo rity of the people can vote for the leader| The party is chosen by the people, where as the party choses the leader or the president of the country. | Democratic elections don't exist and in theory all members in power are equal. The ruling party often establishes its rule by force.However, some modern socialist or democratic socialist systems, such as those in Scandinavia, have several parties and democratic elections. | EDUCATION| to decide individually how, when, what, where and with whom they learn to have an equal share in the decision-making as to how their organizations – in particular their schools – are run, and which rules and sanctions, if any, are necessary| quality of education is largely choosen by the capitalist political state, which chooses to educate us in ways that are beneficial to them.Capitalism is portrayed as the best of all possible systems, with socialist ideology barely mentioned and almost always misrepresented as the philosophy of the ill-f ated Soviet Union| those under 18 are legally considered â€Å"children†, adolescents under socialism will be taught from an early age to become active participants in the industrial government, to make informed and rational decisions and be treated with far more respect and offered far greater freedom and trust then the teens of today are, who are usually treated as little more then the property of their parents with few decision making opportunities of their own. ECONOMY|   shift decision-making power from  corporate shareholders  to a larger group of public stakeholders  that includes workers, customers, suppliers, neighbors and the broader public. No single definition or approach encompasses economic democracy, but most proponents claim that modern property relations  externalize  costs, subordinate the general well-being to private profit, and deny the polity a democratic voice in economic policy decisions| is also known as the planned economy. In a communist economy, it is fully operated by the government.There are only state owned and controlled businesses. The government answers all the fundamental economic questions. | is heavily planned, self-managed and state-directed. Rather than allowing market forces to determine where the economy should go, public officials decide which industries resources should be allocated toward. Production is both managed and controlled by the state. | EXAMPLES| Georgia, Lebanon, Israel, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Cambodia, Philippines, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand| Nepal and Cyprus| China, Canada , Cuba, Vietnam|

Dehumanization: Marxism and Modern Era Essay

Dehumanization is the process of stripping away or denying other’s access to basic human qualities or rights. An ideal society would be free of this inequality, however, during the modern era, encouraged by capitalism and free competition, it is difficult to maintain complete equality and fairness. In fact, three books from the reading list, Marx’s Communist Manifesto, Sumner’s essay, What the Social Classes Owe to Each Other, and Primo Levi’s tale of Survival at Auschwitz, truly illustrate how difficult ideas and cultural values of the era make it to eliminate dehumanization. Although, the situations presented in each of the book are very different, they mainly deal with the loss or diminishment of four basic human qualities: the natural value in being human, the uniqueness of the individual, the freedom to act and make decisions, and the equality of status. This paper will analyze not only how these qualities were diminished in each of the cases in the m odern era but also look to see if dehumanization was resisted. Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx, attempts to explain the goals of Communism as well as the theories underlying this movement. It argues that class struggle, or the exploitation of one class by another, have been occurring for generations. Marx quotes, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society [has been] the history of class struggles† (79). Class relationships are defined by an era’s means of production. However, However, eventually these relationships cease to be compatible with the developing forces of production. At this point, a revolution occurs and a new class emerges as the ruling one. Specifically, the Modern industrial era is characterized by the class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The bourgeoisie consisted of employers of laborers or the owners of the means of production. The proletariat represented the wage laborers and they were dehumanized. In fact, the bourgeoisie violated all four of the main human qualities list ed in the introduction. Firs, the fact that there was an economically based class system indicated inequality in status. Second, since the bourgeoisie class employed the proletariat thereby controlling the action and decision of the lower class. Third, the bourgeoisie in he modern era clumped the entire proletariat class together and considered them mere laborers, Fourth, Marx believed that wage laborers working with machinery dehumanized the worker. Human values were diminished since laboring class could be easily replaced by machinery in some instances for more efficiency. Any one of these violations alone can stand as mere inequality; however, when many more of these violations get stacked, inequality becomes a form of dehumanization. Therefore, as production demand increased, the exploitation by the bourgeoisie class of the proletariat class increased. Eventually, this would anger the proletariat class enough to start a revolution and overthrow the bourgeoisie. Marx wrote, â€Å"[The bourgeoisie] is unfit to rule because it is incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a state, that it has to feed him, instead of being fed by him. Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie, in other words, its existence is no longer compatible with society† (93). This uprising would be the Proletariat’s form of resistance against dehumanization. However, unlike previous revolution, where powers simply shifted from one class to another, Marx predicts that class will be eliminated altogether and a truly equal and fair state would emerge. Readers can’t help but feel skeptical while reading Marx’s theory due to the â€Å"dictators† present in current day communist countries. However, it is important to know that these current day communist countries only got influenced by Marx’s ideal but did no fully carry out his theoretical society. What the Social Classes Owe to Each Other William Graham Sumner was influenced by Social Darwinists and argued in his writing that helping the poor would only interfere with laws of nature and slow down evolutionary progression. In fact, Sumner argued that a â€Å"poor† or a â€Å"weak† person were merely lazy and they did not exist. Therefore Sumner wrote, â€Å"A maudlin impulse to prolong the lives of the unfit stands in the way of this beneficent purging of the social organism† (45). He would further defend about not giving by writing, â€Å"we all owe to each other good-will, mutual respect, and mutual guarantees of liberty and security. Beyond this nothing can be affirmed as a duty of one group to another in a free state† (49). In addition, he believed that if was unfair how â€Å"if the rich, comfortable, prosperous, virtuous, respectable, educated, and healthy cannot make everybody else as well off as themselves, they are to be brought down to the same misery as others† (62). In another words, Sumner did not think it was fair how the rich were expected to help the poor, and if not was possibly penalized. Unlike the Marx’s Manifesto, the opposing classes are not clearly defined. However, it is still assumed from Sumner’s writing that Sumner values some life over another. For example, when he writes, â€Å"society is constantly excreting its unhealthy, imbecile, slow, vacillating, faithless members to leave room for the deserving† (45). With this remark, and many others similar to it, Sumner dehumanizes people who did not succeed. While, a positive message is being sent by Sumner in a way by encouraging citizens to work hard, Sumner is inconsiderate of those who like the proletariats, have no control over their life due to greedy overbearing employers. The only option that Sumner gives to resist the dehumanization is to keep working hard and do not accept defeat. Survival at Auschwitz Many have heard the accounts of the holocaust before in history class or in other books on the subject; however Levi truly does an excellent job giving the readers detailed glimpse into what it really is like to go from being a free human being, then being stripped down to nothing. His intention for the book was not â€Å"to formulate new accusations [but] rather to furnish documentation for a quiet study of certain aspects of the human mind† (9). This book demonstrates dehumanization at its worst. It was established in the introduction that often times Men and women were treated like animals while getting dehumanized. Yet, the people at Auschwitz were actually getting treated worse than livestock. This is because with livestock at least they were somewhat cared for before they were killed, and even if they weren’t they were killed to serve a higher purpose. On the other hand, the prisoners at the concentration camps were starved, killed, and then deserted. Unlike the other two books, this book contains so much elements of dehumanization that no amount of pages would be enough to capture it all; however, it is important to draw from this book also how people have truly used every inch of their will power to try and maintain their self-value. How did the prisoners resist the urge to admit defeat and continue resist dehumanization? How did they when even â€Å"ordinary moral world† (86) like â€Å"good,† and â€Å"evil begin to get mixed up and the differences between these opposites became unclear? Levi present a man in his story, who may have been physically reduced but who is an insane man and â€Å"a survivor, the most adaptable, the human type most suited to this way of living† (97). Portrayed by this insane man, Elias is a strong message that morals and self-value can adapt and survive even in the most extreme situation. Conclusion Based on the scenarios presented by the three books, and personal understanding of dehumanization, I believe it cannot be absent in modern era society. The degree to which dehumanization can occur is extremely varied, and while we can hope and wait for it to merely pass by, it is better to act. Try to resist dehumanization as much as can, as Levi’s character Elias demonstrated, with strong will power and determination, there are so much we can achieve. Perhaps, while we may not be able to eliminate several factors of unfairness or inequality, we can still treat people with respect and at least eliminate dehumanization.

Obesity Obesity And Obesity - 1703 Words

The United States have the highest rate of people battling obesity, with childhood obesity on the rise. Just about one-third of adults in America are obese, and about 17% of children are obese. There are many health problems associated with obesity, which are preventable. America has state and local programs to prevent obesity, which Centers for Disease control and Prevention funds in all 50 states. Obesity is considered one of the highest killers since the 1980’s, with fast food shops on the rise and the healthy prices going up it’s hard to control how we eat. Obesity is a condition that involves one to have excessive body fat, which cause a greater change of health problems. To be diagnose with obesity, a doctor measures the patient’s body fat. This measurement is called Body Mass Index (BMI), which takes your height and weight in to consideration and results in the patient’s Body Mass Index number. A person with a 30 or higher BMI is considered obese. If the patient bodyweight is 20% more than recommended based on height than that patient can also categorized as obese. Obesity is a very serious condition that affects millions of people around the world. Worldwide obesity has more than doubled since 1980. Research shows that â€Å"In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these over 600 million were obese. 39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in 2014, and 13% were obese. 42 million children under the age of 5 were overweightShow MoreRelatedObesity : Obesity And Obesity986 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is one of the major health epidemics that human being struggle to deal with it. Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessively high body fat in relation to lean body mass. In the last 20 years, people started complaining that fast food is the main cause of rising obesity. However, a lot of research proves that fast food is not the source of obesity. The rising obesity problem cannot be blamed on the fast food industry; there are several other factors leads to obesity. OverRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity798 Words   |  4 Pages Obesity Close to over one-third of adults living in the United States are obese (Diet and Obesity). Unfortunately, one third of children in the United States are also obese or overweight. Obesity has grown throughout the United States and has led to major health problem and can even be fatal. About 365,000 or more people die every year due to obesity. With numbers increasing obesity should be furthered examined to help prevent these conditionsRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1442 Words   |  6 Pages5/13/16 Take home Project: Obesity Obesity basically means having too much body fat. Not being overweight for your height, having too much muscle, or water in your body. What exactly is obesity? â€Å"Obesity is a condition that is associated with having an excess of body fat, defined by genetic and environmental factors that are difficult to control when dieting. Obesity is classified as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or greater. BMI is a tool used to measure obesity. Obesity increases your risk ofRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1318 Words   |  6 PagesObesity Epidemic Due to Fast Food or Something More Obesity is rising at a rapid rate here in the United States, especially childhood obesity. The obesity epidemic is one of the country’s most serious health problems. Adult obesity rates have doubled since 1980 from 15 to 30 percent, while childhood obesity rates have more than tripled. Is there a link in obesity and fast food eating? Are fast food restaurants to blame for our nation’s obesity issues? Or are we ourselves and our lack of knowledgeRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesleads to health risks and obesity, people are still putting unhealthy food into their body daily.   The United States has the highest obesity rate in the world by 6% and the government should be helping to lower that percentage (http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Health/Obesity).   The best for the United States to help the obesity rate is by implementing a fat tax.   A fat tax is a tax on foods that are considered unhealthy and are believed to lead people to obesity.   The main way fat taxesRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1417 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerned. Doctors often use a formula based on height and weight, called body mass index (BMI), to determine obesity. Children with a BMI over 21 is considered obese and over 18 is overweight (Arnett, J.J.2016). Adults with a BMI of 30 or more are considered obese. Severe obesity, also known as severe obesity or morbid obesity, occurs when a BMI of 40 or more is present. With morbid obesity, there may be serious health problems. If children do not have enough activities, they will not be able to burnRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1413 Words   |  6 Pagescertificates, diabetes was mentioned as a cause of death (6). The Centers for Disease Control refers to â€Å"twin epidemics of diabetes and obesity, because obesity greatly increases the risk of diabetes, and the number of Americans who are obese has been increasing rapidly† (9). A newly developed term, â€Å"diabesity,† is commonly used to represent the close relationship between obesity and diabetes (8). Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in childhood and is defined when the pancreas fails to produce a healthy amountRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity892 Words   |  4 Pagesadults are considered obese in America. In recent years obesity is the health topic of choice these days because obesity in America is a growing epidemic. One out of twenty people in America have extreme obesity. According to a 2009-2010 survey conducted by the National Health and Nutrition examination this data states that about one third of children and adolescents ages six to nine are considered to be overweight or obese. Adolescent obesity has more than tripled in young adults and doubled in childrenRead MoreObesity : Obesity And The Obesity2209 Words   |  9 Pages OBESITY in America As the world is growing day by day the problem of obesity is also increasing all over the world. Since from1980 to 2014, the obesity has risen two times as compared to the previous years. The obesity is related to the how much energy is left, but the most important cause of having the obesity is â€Å"dysbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure† (Nazarii Kobyliak 1). The obesity is the excessive fat in the body and it can cause to any age group form child to the oldRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity985 Words   |  4 Pages Obesity is one of the major health epidemic that human being struggle to deal with it. Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessively high body fat in relation to lean body mass. In the last 20 years, people started complaining that fast food is the main cause of rising obesity. However, a lot of research proves that fast food is not the source of obesity. The rising obesity problem cannot be blamed on the fast food industry ; there are several other factors leads to obesity.