Essay On Child Labor - 1679 Words

Child labor was a staple during the Urbanization of the United States of America. Fresh out of a bloody Civil War that took the lives of at least 618,000. Child labor was very dangerous. Especially in the steel mills because of the lack of safety equipment. It was also very dangerous because the children laborers were very young for the jobs they were doing for such cheap pay. Anywhere between 12-16 years old. Since they were all very young they were not very strong. So due to them being weak, young, basically meeting no physical conditions to be able to work efficient the steel mill owners would take advantage of that. They saw cheap labor. Very cheap and easy labor. There was child labor that was socially acceptable at the time and still†¦show more content†¦The negative side of the â€Å"apprenticeship† is that the former slave owner could use and abuse his â€Å"apprentice†. The courts allowed lots of apprenticeships. Most people would assume that they used that as a cover for what they really wanted to use the â€Å"apprentice† for. Another common theme was people called â€Å"padrones†. They were basically the recruiting department to find young Italian boys in Italy and have them and their family sign an â€Å"apprentice† contract. The contract was labeled that the boys would be shipped off to America from Italy to learn to play an instrument. Now, they did learn to play an instrument but not like they had imagined when first signing the apprentice contract. They would learn to play instruments, but they then were forced onto street corners to perform and make the padrone’s money. The children that were good enough to make any money would be on good terms with the padrones. Those who protested and didn’t make any money would often get beatings consequently for not making the padrone money. The kids wouldn’t often even get any money. (Michael Schuman, History of child labor in the United States—part 1: little children working) A perfect example on how the child labor was in the south is â€Å"†¦hundreds of under-nourished, over-worked and scantily clad little boys and girls do the galley-slave act in the treadmill of industry in Democratic territory.† (Washington Bee (Washington (DC), District of Columbia) †¢ 10-02-1920 †¢Show MoreRelated Child Labor Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pages Child Labor nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Child Labor, refers to the economically active population under the age of fifteen years old, who are employed in various industries (Grootaert, 2). Recently, child labor has become a large topic of debate; however, in most cases, it is very unfavorable. The perception that globalization is leading towards the exploitation of children, is becoming an important problem for international business. In my opinion, child labor should be eradicated. It is notRead MoreChild Labor Essay960 Words   |  4 Pages Child Labor Child Labor steals the childhood from the children. I am interested in child labor research because I personally experience it. When I lived in Nepal, I worked in a nut factory, and I was only in the fifth grades due to the financial problem. Many kids worked in hotels, in the house, and polished shoes to survive and to support their family, and some of my friends carried loads in building construction. I am curious to know how poverty increases the child labor and how it affects children’sRead MoreChild Labor Essay952 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"In 1900, 18 percent of all American workers were under the age of 16† (â€Å"Child Labor†). This was during the end of the Gilded Age, when child labor was problem and was starting to be a major one. Child labor started because of poverty when children worked to support their families but were forced to give up education. Children could work long hours in dangerous positions for little money. Child labor continues becau se children have little power to complain or stand up for themselves to adults, theirRead MoreChild Labor Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesStatus of Child Labor Practices and Minimum Age for Employment The statutory minimum age for employment of children is 15 years, although children between the ages of 13 and 15 years may work in certain jobs outside of school hours. The law restricts employment of those under the age of 18, for example, by prohibiting night shift or overtime work. Education to the top Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate (%) 2008-2012*, male 99.6 Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate (%) 2008-2012*, female 99.7 NumberRead MoreChild Labor Essay809 Words   |  4 PagesChild labor has been an extremely serious issue since the early industrial revolution and it continues to be an issue today. The movement towards the industrial revolution increased demand for labor, especially cheap labor, which targeted young children as a means for performing work in the factories. Since it was an economically growing era for the United States, children in the 18th century worked long hours for low minimum wage under harsh conditions to help their families. Children were easilyRead More Child Labor Essay2301 Words   |  10 PagesChild Labor Child labor has been around for long time and it still exists in todays world. Thiskind of labor provides problems or difficulties in the economic world. Child labor is social problem with the rise of industrial production and capitalism. It appeared in earlier ages in agricultural societies when the children all around the world had to work along with 19th century, spreading to many countries. The problems started when many children, younger than ten years old, were employedRead More Child Labor Essay1926 Words   |  8 PagesChild Labor Child labor is a pervasive problem throughout the global economy, especially in the markets of developing countries. With over 90% of the total child labor market employed in the rural areas of Asia and Africa largely due to lack of enforcement, it is argued that something has to be done. Although the majority of people are ethically appalled by child labor, and against the exploitation of children, is the worldwide eradication of the worst forms of child labor really aRead MoreChild Labor Essay2202 Words   |  9 Pagesrushing carts. (Child labor, 1) Child labor through out history has been proven to affect child. Many things have happened in the past, which ruined the lives of children when they became older. Through time society has done many thing to help prevent child labor. In the U.S. laws have been created to stop companies from underpaying their young employees, making sure they arent hired too young, and to make sure their work is safe. Through time America has lowered the child labor rate, but in todaysRead More Child Labor Essay1880 Words   |  8 Pages Child Labour Child Labour In the past few years, a great deal of attention has been drawn to the global problem of child labour. Virtually everyone is guilty of participating in this abusive practice through the purchase of goods made in across the globe, usually in poor, developing nations. This issue has been around for a great length of time but has come to the forefront recently because of reports that link well known American companies like Wal-Mart and Nike to the exploitation of childrenRead More Child Labor Essay2155 Words   |  9 PagesChild Labor The next time when you are out on your shopping trip, chances you may have support a business that exploits children. It is very disturbing and heartbreaking to learn many children are chained to looms for 12 hours a day because families need to have their child bringing home a small amount of moneys. Child labor has always been a difficult subject to address, the topic have become much more complicated and prolific. Child Labor is not an isolated problem. The phenomenon of

Separation Of Powers - 783 Words

To the People of the State New York: To what extent would we have to go to be able to properly lay the divisions of power in the government and implement the separation of powers as written in the Constitution? We must analyze the structure of government to find a means of keeping departments in check. So we can develop this theory, some observations will be noted in order to shape a clearer idea on the structure of government. For a strong substructure to be established for the separate powers of government, each branch must have a different purpose so that members of each department would not be sharing control over the same appointments. If this rule were strictly enforced, then every branch judicial, executive, and legislative would†¦show more content†¦The best control is undoubtedly for the government to depend on the will of the people For the private interests of every person to be held higher than public rights it is necessary to arrange distribute power accordingly so that they may check each other and balance out. Dividing power between each branch equally is impossible. The legislative branch tends to be the most dominant. To solve this is for the legislature to be divided into two different branches as stated in the Constitution: Congress is split into The House of Representatives and the Senate. This is necessary to ensure security against the possibility of legislative dictatorship. If these principles are followed accordingly and applied as a standard for both State and federal constitution it is known that the general government is closer for passing the ability of self-defense for each branch than the State government. There are also two things to make note of that are befitting to the federal system. First, America is a not a single republic where the power of the people is given to a single structure of government. Therefore, more security is needed for the public rights to not be violated. Each government would restrain itself and each other. Second, there are two ways to defend oneself against the evil of a majority faction: either by having citizens emerging with their own opinionsShow MoreRelatedSeparation Of Powers Of Power924 Words   |  4 Pages2014 Separation of Powers Separation of Powers is a system in which power is divided between three branches of government. These branches consist of Legislative (Congress), Executive (President), and Judiciary (Supreme Court). Each one of the branches is given a duty to fulfill. If one branch doesn’t fulfill its duties, the other branches can force that branch to fulfill it. There is another system that helps these branches of government to check on each other and limit each other’s powers. It isRead MoreSeparation of Power731 Words   |  3 Pagesdo not wish to abandon the doctrine of separation of power but however, this notion shall follow the Montesquieu approach as he provides for a separation of power that aims at having separate institutions doing separate function by separate personnel and having the checks and balance that will control the powers of these organs. The doctrine of separation of power cannot be abandoned because of the following reasons: The doctrine avoids the abuse of powers. This means that when a single personRead MoreSeparation of Powers1967 Words   |  8 Pagesis to defend the assertion that separation of power in Zambia is relative. This essay will begin by giving a brief description of the concept Separation of Powers. executive, legislature and the judiciary. Thereafter, a Main Body shall provide a detailed discussion over the assertion after which a conclusion will be given to summarise the discussion. According to the online business dictionary, Separation of Powers is a constitutional principle that limits the powers vested in any person or institutionRead MoreThe Separation Of Powers Of The State And Its Powers912 Words   |  4 Pagesway in which the state is established. In short, it is a framework that explains the structure of the state and its powers. Unlike most modern states, Britain does not have a codified constitution but an unwritten one that exists in an abstract sense. It delineates the powers of the different branches of the state, and the restrictions placed on the institutions and on state power. It is comprised of various acts of Parliament, court judgements and conventions that have evolved over a long periodRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Separation Of Power1610 Words   |  7 Pagesof the separation of powers has been compromised to a less extent in the nation like Australia. The first section will constitute in exploring the history and the significance of t he separation of the power doctrine. In the second section I will discuss about the compromise of the doctrine, especially between the administrator and the legislature with some good cases held in high court. Besides, some clarification will be provided to explain how the philosophical system of separation of power is beingRead MoreThe Division and Separation of Power944 Words   |  4 PagesThe Division and Separation of power are essential to keep our societies rulers to have a restriction on their powers. The importance of each on the Australian domestic law especially in relation to the rule of law, and protecting individual rights, and the legal system. The difference between the division and separation of powers is small. The Division of power is one of the most important aspects of the Constitution. This role is dividing power between the state and Commonwealth parliaments. ThisRead MoreDoctrine of Separation of Powers3203 Words   |  13 Pages1st Internal Assignment Administrative Law The Doctrine of Separation of Power Clive D’souza 13010124119 Division B III Year Introduction: The Government of any country will be the agency or machinery through which the will of the people is realised, expressed and formulated. But for the will of the people to be so expressed, realised and formulated, there needs to be a well organized system which works together, jointly as well as separately for ultimate achievement of the goalRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Separation Of Power966 Words   |  4 Pagesdoctrine of separation of power is a vital element of modern, democratic systems of government. At the same time, it will show the basic points of working process in Australian legal system. Callie Harvey declared that only under the condition that separation of power can be maintained between parts of government, the democratic civilisation can be justly ruled. In fact, the legal system in Australia is divided into three branches, which are based on the doctrine of separation of power, with theRead MoreSeparation of Powers in the Constitution895 Words   |  4 Pages The Separation of Powers was simply created to establish a system of checks and balances so that no one particular division of the government could solely control all of our nations business. This makes is so the President does not have dictatorial control. Congress has a form of checked power so they cannot make unfair laws. The Judicial Branch is then not allowed to exceed the power that is given to them by law. It’s a system â€Å"Of the people, by the people, and for the people† allowing us asRead MoreThe Principle Of Separation Of Powers891 Words   |  4 PagesThe method of separa tion of powers was a very important addition to the constitution for the founders of the document. After years of struggling under Great Britain’s regime then finally getting freed, they wanted to make sure they avoided every way of a totalitarian government arising. Thus forth, the founders developed the idea of separation of powers. However, this was the 18th century. Although the creators of the constitution did a great job at developing a long lasting agreement between government

Automation Organizational Business Process â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Automation Organizational Business Process? Answer: Introduction Automation of organizational business processes either accounting, resource planning or others have become part of the business culture. This is largely fostered by the flexibility, affordability and the precision of these systems. However, it still proves to be a challenge to explain the integration of this system with existing organizational structures. For this reason, it is important to explore a practical implementation of such a system in a company that is already using them. This paper explores the use of the NetSuite Enterprise Resource Planning system by the Emmas and Toms, a company that processes and packages fresh juice directly from the farmers without additives or any kind of preservatives. The choice of Emmas and Toms is based on my own preference of them for their desire to produce healthier foods for Australians. In addition, information on Emmas and Toms was readily available online. Emmas and Toms Pty Organizational Structure Emmas and Toms falls under the Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) category of business. The most defining character of SMEs is their organizational structure. According to a paper published by Foundations of Management by Wioletta Mierzejewska titled Directions of Changes in Organizational Structures of SME - Results of Empirical Research, SMEs organizational structure is characterized by four dimensions. These dimensions are centralization, formalization, standardization, and configuration. Unlike the structure of big corporations where much effort is put on formalization and delegations of duties, SMEs show a structure where most, if not all functions, are carried out by the top most level of management. Additionally, documentations of most activities are not of paramount importance in an SME setting (Mierzejewska 2014). In return, the dimensions are reflected in the organizational structure of the SME companies. Figure (a) below shows a structural model of Emmas and Toms. The above diagram shows the three levels of management that are consolidated within the four characteristics of SMEs. At the very top is the top management team that comprises of the chief executive, the marketing director, and the chief financial manager. The middle level comprises of the production unit lead by the production managers which is directly managed by the top level management. The last one is the bottom level management and consists of the hands on department which include the customer relations and sales, accounting and human resource. This would be the classical structure of Emmas and Toms without the use of automation process. As simple as it is, this structure may result in a number of the problem to the small company. Operational Problems of the Structure With the structure such as the one depicted by a figure (a) above, Emmas and Toms is likely to face many operational problems. These problems include its rigidity to change with a new strategy. The same rigidity gives only allows the management focus on efficiency while failing to include a margin for error and, consequently, innovation due to a focus on efficiency. In addition, such a structure is also likely to prevent the necessary balance between autonomy and the need for control (Sisney 2013). Such problems although seem to be insignificant, they are likely to have a considerable effect on the performance of the company. Most Effective System Acquisition There are much software that can help Emmas and Toms automate its business process. Hence, this might prove a significant task settling down on the right system for an SME. The choice that lies among custom, commercial or enterprise resource planning software depends on several factors. Among them may be the companys business process, inventory size, organization size, the services offered, the employee base or even the growth goals of the organization (Epicor 2016). For instance, the best choice for Emmas and Toms would be a custom system. A custom system would be suitable because it will allow the company to tailor their needs to the specific activities they want to automate. For instance, since the company is still in its infant stages and only building a brand, it may feel that a face to face approach with its customers and potential customers is more suitable than an automated one and therefore choose to leave the automation of customer service from the system. A factor that wou ld be impacted most by the system choice, however, is likely to be the sale process. Sales Procedure Emmas and Toms business model is unique to their business. That is, they do an in house marketing. This starts with the sales team approaching different restaurants for a space in their refrigerators for marketing purposes (Emmaandtom.com, 2017). If the people in that place like their product, then the owner of the restaurant will actuate a sales process. The first step will be to place an order with the sales team, this order is then processed by the accounting system in place where the order number is generated and the items are delivered to the customer. The flow chart in figure (b) below visualizes the sales process of the company. Control Problems In the process above, the automation process may result in some control problems. For example, it will be challenging for the company to change the order of the process. For instance, a scenario where the company decides to send a few discounted test products to a new client who will order through a call. Since the system will have to update the inventory, it will have to record the prices of the products ordered. This makes it difficult to control an automated system. However, such a problem can be eliminated by Emmas and Toms customizing their system to include such orders. NetSuite Adoption and Development NetSuite, the software that Emmas and Toms use, is an enterprise resource planning software that facilitates the automation of accounting and the human resource management of mid-sized companies. The system is integrated and real time. For Emmas and Toms NetSuite facilitates the function of the following business activities: Production Planning This involves management and automation of the production process from stocking raw materials to creating the inventory of the finished products. The automation system is connected to machines that process and package the juice. The amount of raw material used, processing time and overhead costs are automatically captured and recorded in the accounting section. Marketing and Sales The system records the sales made and synchronizes them with the inventory to ensure a timely and precise documentation. In addition, the system is linked to all major social media to allow the company create any digital advertisements on the go. The system may as well regularly recommend some of the marketing ideas for the company to implement. Material Management The system keeps a record of all the raw material used including the packaging material and the fruit material. A separate inventory is kept within the system which is synchronized with inventory to show the right ratios needed for production. The cost of these materials, as well as the best-optimized ratios, are suggested by the system. Inventory Management An inventory for every product, including raw materials and finished products is kept. These Inventories are synchronized with every process allowing the management to effectively reduce waste. The company as well tracks their waste which is used to feed cows and therefore another inventory for the waste is created. Finance and Accounting The system keeps all the books of accounting the company needs. These books are constantly synchronized with the cloud data. The system as well manages the salaries of employees as well as all the other costs the company may incur. The system generates automatic budgets and may suggest possible adjustment that would optimize profits. NetSuites Enterprise Resource Planning software is developed by NetSuite, Inc. an American company that specializes in cloud computing. Essentially, the system adopts the functions of almost all the mid-level and low-level management roles allowing a company to cut their employee base significantly (Anon, 2017). NetSuite Current Market Size Being a foreign company, NetSuite has a low market share locally standing at only 4% in Australia compared to 85% in the United States. However, it is the fastest growing business automation software locally (Trends.builtwith.com, 2017). NetSuite market share rose by more than 70 people I 2016 alone. At that rate, it stands a chance to beat the local MYOB (Mind Your Own Business). Although MYOB currently commands more than half of the market share, there are a number of factors that make NetSuite A preferable choice of MYOB (Trends.builtwith.com, 2017). One of these is the wide range of activities performed. NetSuite Competitive Advantage Although MYOB takes the biggest share of the market, its range of services is limited to Accounting. NetSuite is more than an accounting automation system. It includes manufacturing management and human resource management something that MYOB doesnt have. NetSuite as well prides itself in its simple to use set and interface. This makes the installation process painlessly easy. On the other hand, most of MYOB, like QuickBooks, requires an extensive training which may mean more expenses for a company. In addition, NetSuite may have the financial power to tap into a wider talent and technology sooner than MYOB hence likely to be superior. Challenges Facing Users Automated systems have some disadvantages that prove a challenge to most of the users. In most cases, challenges may be different from system to system due to the difference in which the system is designed. For instance, MYOB users fault its system for its complexity while QuickBooks feel their system does not have a comprehensive automation of processes. However, there are some challenges that are faced by every user of any automation system. The most obvious challenge that would face users using NetSuite or any other automated system is the power to control the flow of the processes. Accounting software is designed to follow a certain order of activities. However, sometime during a sale, a fault in delivery or order processing may require that a step is skipped. This would require the control of the system. However, in most cases, this control is not possible forcing a process to be allowed to finish till the end or call for its entire cancellation. A possible recommendation to cor rect this would be t allow for both manual automatic processes. This would ensure that whenever necessary, the system can be user controlled. Another challenge is the need for power. In a case where there is no electricity, such system becomes useless and inaccessible. This can prove to be a challenge, especially where a company that has automated system needs to carry out business in areas that are not connected to electricity. Similarly, in the face of a storm, where the power lines are cut off and may take days before restoration, such system may prove to be of no use. However, automatic synchronization and power backups using generators and solar systems can mitigate the such a risk by providing a short term solution to power. To conclude, it is important to note that Automation systems are playing an important role in cutting the size of the employees a company may have. This is especially beneficial to small sized companies since it helps them cut unnecessary costs. In addition, the accuracy that accounting systems have is precise and their errors will, in most cases, only be based on the original entries by the user of the system. Automated systems as well allow business to grow with little or no additional infrastructure and human capital. This makes automation systems ideal for most companies. However, these systems have as well their disadvantages which include the challenge the management of a company may face in case it may want to control the flow of the process. However, the advantages of these systems outshine their disadvantages which make them ideal for many companies. References Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://netsuite.com.au/portal/au/ [Accessed 11 Sep. 2017]. Emmaandtom.com. (2017).Emma Tom's Look After Yourself | The Best Fruit Juice you'll Taste by far. [online] Available at: https://www.emmaandtom.com/ [Accessed 11 Sep. 2017]. Epicor 2016, 'Choosing the Right ERP System to Support Your Business Growth Plans', Newspaper, Penton Media, Inc, Cleveland. Mierzejewska, W 2014, 'Directions of Changes in Organizational Structures of SME - Results of Empirical Research', Foundations of Management, vol 6, no. 3, pp. 83-92. Sisney, L 2013, Organizational Physics - The Science of Growing a Business, 1st edn, Elaine Johnson, Santa Barbara. Trends.builtwith.com. (2017). NetSuite Customers and Market Share. [online] Available at: https://trends.builtwith.com/cms/NetSuite/Market-Share [Accessed 11 Sep. 2017].

Lab Report Surfactant Essay Example

Lab Report Surfactant Paper Surfactant is produced to make it easier for people to breath by reducing the surface tension of the water molecules that primarily compose the walls of the alveoli; it helps them to not tick together. For this experiment, we will be using milk and food coloring to represent the water (milk) and gas (food coloring) in the respiratory system. Because know milk is non-polar and food coloring is polar, my hypothesis predicts the two will not mix voluntarily at first, but the soap acting as a surfactant, when added, will help the two liquids mix together. Materials (Part on: water surface tension) 1- A penny 2- A dropper 3- Water 4- Paper towels (Part two: surfactant) 1- Milk 2-2 different color food coloring 3- Dishwashing soap 4- Cotton swab 5- A mall clear dish 6- Timer Paper towel 8- Water Method (Part one: water surface tension) 1- Place the penny in a flat area 2- Fill a dropper with water 3- One by one add the drops of water to the top of the penny 4- Measure how many drops fit until the drops break the surface tension of the water. Record results the results table 6- Placed the dish in a flat steady surface. 7- Then poured the milk making sure the whole bottom of the dish is covered. 8- Add four drops of food coloring to the center of the dish. 9- Let it rest for two minutes and then measure how far the coloring expanded. 10- Record in the exult chart 11- Dip the cotton swab in soap 12- Place the end of the cotton swab in the middle of the dish containing the milk and the food coloring. 13- Observe what happens to the food c oloring and record the result in the results chart. 4- Throw away the liquids and leave station clean after recording results. Results The average drops of water that a penny can hold without spilling the water is 24 drops. In my experiment the results were the following: Trial number Number of drops Try one 25 Try two 22 Try three 26 When the coloring was placed in the milk at the beginning, it didnt expand wrought the milk as quickly as when the soap was added. Without the soap Expanded 5 ml/min from the center. With the soap Expanded at CM/ sec from the center. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Surfactant specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Surfactant specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Surfactant specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Conclusion My hypothesis is accepted. After I applied the drop of soap to the milk, the food coloring spread around. Why? At first, the food coloring just sat on the surface of the milk. Thats because food coloring is less dense than milk, so it floats on the surface. The milk didnt mix with the food coloring in the beginning because it wasnt stirred together. The soap reduces the surface tension of the ilk by dissolving the fat molecules, which is why whole milk works better. The surface of the milk outside the soap drop has a higher surface tension, so it pulls the surface away from that spot. The food coloring moves with the surface, streaming away from the soap drop. Due to the convection that results from the moving surface, the food coloring may be drawn down into the liquid, only to appear rising again somewhere else. When the soap finally gets evenly mixed into the milk, the action stops.

Develop A Sustainable Tourism Industry In The Antarctic Tourism Essays

Develop A Sustainable Tourism Industry In The Antarctic Tourism Essays Develop A Sustainable Tourism Industry In The Antarctic Tourism Essay Develop A Sustainable Tourism Industry In The Antarctic Tourism Essay The intent of this paper is to make research of the touristry industry in Antarctica continent harmonizing to the research inquiry of How to develop a sustainable touristry industry in the Antarctic? It is a cardinal to hold cooperation from every organisation related to Antarctica touristry. Since the continent has been consider as fragile and being the most valuable topographic point to humankind for geographic expedition in many facets such as environmental issues. Furthermore, the direction in this part is rather interesting as there are no for good resident lifes, and seven states doing territory claims during the first half of twentieth century. In decision, the positions from circuit operators, tourers and the organisations that work closely to Antarctica are really of import to better and continue as the universe heritage site. Antarctica is the most stray continent that covers the underside of the Earth ; it is besides normally known as the South Pole . It is the coldest, windiest, highest and driest topographic point on Earth with no lasting dwellers populating at that place. Therefore, it is a challenge to research Antarctica because of the coldest conditions and beautiful scenery with ice covering all part, interesting local animate beings and works endurance in such country. Travel to Antarctica is one sort of escapade touristry and in the average clip, this can besides be education touristry as scientists from all over the universe semen to analyze the being and ecosystem. Antarctica is rather expensive to go to but most of the visitants find that their experiences are exceed their outlooks ( Alone Planet, 2010 ) . This paper besides points out about the negative impacts from touristry on Antarctic, particularly from human activities toward its environment and agencies of protecting it. Not merely in the Antarctic but besides all over the universe have concern been expressed about the clime alteration and planetary heating. Ozone depletion and thaw glaciers are the serious environmental jobs to this continent every bit good. We will see how touristry developments in the Antarctic happen and how to keep sustainable touristry in this part. There are no eating houses, theatres or shopping promenades, what attracts tourers to travel at that place. All of the information above can be found in this paper. Brief Information and Background about Antarctica Timeline History The ancient Greeks who foremost came up with the thought of this continent named Arktos have known about Antarctica since 350 B.C. , but they neer really went at that place. In the twelvemonth 1773, James Cook circumnavigated Antarctica that means he was the first individual to traverse the Antarctic circle. He made a remark: I make bold to declare that the universe will deduce no benefit from it ( cool Antarctica, 2001 ) . In 1820, the Antarctic continent was foremost seen by human eyes from three work forces whose separate ocean trips had been given recognition that twelvemonth. During the old ages 1840 to 1914 there were many historic trips from the travellers eager to research the continent and many trips failed and calamity happened such as a ship that sank and the crew perished because they could nt stand with the highly cold conditions. The first aeroplane flight was made by Sir George Hubert Wilkins in the twelvemonth 1928. December 1, 1959, the Antarctic Treaty was signed to set up the legal model for the direction of Antarctica. In 1991, 24 states signed an understanding that barred geographic expedition for oil or mineral sedimentation for 50 old ages ( Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1999 ) . Antarctica Geography, Wildlife and Flora Antarctica is centered on the geographical South Pole with 13.9 million square kilometres or about twice the size of Australia. For 1000000s of old ages snow and ice have built up, doing the continent wholly covered by an ice sheet comprises about 98 % of Antarctica s surface which is about 95 % of the universe s fresh H2O militias. The lowest temperatures can drop down every bit -89.6AÂ °C. Antarctica is ranked as the 5th largest of the seven continents. The continent lacks an autochthonal human population, but is place to 1000000s of penguins, sea birds, seals, giants and impermanent place to thousand of scientists and their support staff. The trademark wildlife of Antarctica is penguins with seven species, merely the male hatch individual egg for nine hebdomads on their pess. Penguins feed to a great extent on fish, calamari and crustaceans, its natural enemies are seals and slayer giants. Watching winging sea birds is one of the popular activities for tourers while rolling on the sail. The millstone is the largest winging sea bird with 4 metres wingspan. Other intriguing marine animate beings are South-polar seals, utilizing echo sounder for eating, chiefly on fish, calamari and krill ( a key species for Antarctic ecosystem ) . During the 19th and twentieth centuries, seals were to a great extent hunted for their teguments, pelt and oil, driving them about to extinction. Today, seals are protected by the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, which allows a little quota for scientific scrutiny. The biggest warm-blooded mammals on this continent are giants. They live their full lives in the H2O and has a lifetime between 20 and 40 old ages up to 80. Antarctica has been declared an international giant sanctuary with whaling activities closely monitored by the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) ( South-polar Connection, 2010 ) . Many people may be confused and think that there are polar bears in Antarctica but it was incorrect because polar bears merely live in the North Pole. Because of the hostile clime, non many workss can turn good since merely about 2 % of Antarctica is ice-free. There are merely two native workss that can turn a grass and a shock absorber organizing pearlweed ( Torahs, 1989 ) . Mosss, hepatics and lichens are the greatest involvement to tourist for picture taking ( Bauer, 2001 ) as they add some colour to the part instead than white from the ice sheet. There are some steps to protect Antarctic wildlife and nature such as: Do non utilize aircraft, little boats to upset wildlife, either sea or land and do non do any loud noise to scare them. Do non feed, touch seals, penguins and birds or do anything to do them to change their behaviour. Do non damage workss or convey non-native workss or animate beings into the Antarctic. Tourism in Antarctica and its development Antarctica can be referred to a fragile and unknown continent ( Bauer, 2001 ) . The South-polar touristry industry began in the late fiftiess when Chile and Argentina took more than 500 riders to the South Shetland Islands. The universe first expedition ship called Lindblad Explorer was designed in 1969 for transporting tourers to the Antarctic ; this was in the period of modern sail industry. Since so, the figure of tourers has grown from a few hundred to more than 30,000 each twelvemonth as shown in figure 1 below. Tourism continues to spread out ; WTO ( 2000 ) prognosis estimated that about 1.56 billion tourers would get by the twelvemonth 2020. Figure 1: The statistics of tourers to Antarctica by nationality in 2008-2009 ( beginning: IAATO ) Large graduated table and uncontrolled touristry can hold a destructive impact on the continent s environment. Therefore, all of the transportation companies, travel bureaus, yachts and air operations have become members of International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators or IAATO founded in 1991 to advance and pattern safe and environmentally responsible action in the Antarctic ( IAATO, n.d. ) . No visa is required for going to Antarctica, but travellers have to look into with the circuit operator in instance they make Michigans at other states. Travel insurance is extremely recommended. Late October through early April is suited clip to go because it is the ice recede period, yearss are long up to 24 hours of daytime in December and January. The gateway ports to South-polar part include Valparaiso, Chile ; Ushuaia, Argentina and Invercargill / Bluff ; New Zealand ( Travel and Leisure, 2010 ) . Antarctica is an about wholly unaccessible finish with no land connexions or regular commercial flights. Therefore, the lone manner to see Antarctica is by fall ining a plan conducted by circuit operators: sails, yachts, over flights without landings. With the absence of a local Antarctic population, one interesting inquiry is ; Who will profit from South-polar touristry activities? In my sentiment, the 1 who will acquire the benefit from South-polar touristry is the circuit operator in the term of economic sciences but in the interim, the tourer will besides derive their truly dramatic experience where it can non be bought. As mentioned in the debut, going to Antarctica can be categorized as escapade and instruction touristry because of its geographics environing natural research labs for scientific research, which can non be done anyplace else on Earth. The research involves authorities bureaus, private industry, scientists and pupils from the university modules. The most interesting research falls among the undermentioned topics: geology, glaciology, oceanology, uranology, weather forecasting, atmospheric scientific disciplines, biological science and medical scientific discipline ( South-polar Connection, 2010 ) . Therefore, most of the tourers traveling to Antarctica are scientists and pupil groups to detect instance surveies and learn from existent experience. What make people want to see Antarctica one time in a life-time and what are the activities for the tourer while they are here will be described. Peoples who love escapade, challenge and want to research the extraordinary experience will be after their trip here. Gunn ( 1988 ) describes attractive force as on location topographic points in parts that non merely supply things for tourers to see and to make but besides offer the magnetic attraction for travel. The attractive forces is the most powerful constituent of supply side of touristry Here are the lists of tourer attractive forces in Antarctica ; Natural Attractions tourer can watch a great natural position from the tall mountains, monolithic glaciers, ice shelves, immense drifting icebergs, vegetation, sea bird, seals and penguins. Scientific Research Stations the popular Stationss for tourer are the Argentinean and Esperanza. Visits to scientific Stationss provide a opportunity to run into dwellers who spent long periods of their clip and have another chance to discourse and interchange their travel experience in this part. Historic Sites, Monuments and Huts where the adventurers left behind, the most often visited huts is the 1 built by Scott and Shackleton on Ross Island. One concern job is that excessively many visitants may damage the sites, therefore the 33 historic huts and sites are managed by the New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust and restrict for the maximal figure of visitants inside the huts and to guarantee that the figure is non exceeded ( Bauer, 2001 ) . Whaling Station Whaling has become unacceptable for environmentalists and these mammals are about nonextant, but Stationss such as Whalers Bay and Stromness are included in many sail paths. Traveling to Antarctica is risk-taking ; as a consequence, a professional circuit operator that prepares all the necessary equipment and eventuality program is recommended. Before be aftering to travel to Antarctica, the tourer should fix and cognize their capablenesss. Health check-up is indispensable, and thick apparels are really of import to maintain the organic structure warm. Bear in head that an accident can go on at any clip. Respect the ordinances purely such as do non walk onto glaciers, where you can fall into concealed crevasses. Environmental Impacts from Antarctica Tourism Many chief causes from the touristry can impact the ecosystem of Antarctica ; for illustration pollution through sewerage, fuels, oil, waste and noise from the transit and homo both tourers and scientists. Furthermore, debut of non-native dirts, workss and animate beings, or even travel on pes and perturbation of local bird or seal genteelness settlements besides cause an impact. This is a really serious job to the Earth as it may destruct nature and accumulate into a large issue. Hence, it is one of the circuit operator s duties to explicate, train and rede the tourers how they have to act during the trip. The information must incorporate clear, utile information of bash and make nt in Antarctica with the ground at the terminal so that the tourer will understand what will impact the environment if they break the regulations. Climate alteration involves human intercessions such as the emanations of nursery gases ; the experience from National Antarctic Programs over the two decennaries demonstrates that cut downing nursery gas emanations from human activities in Antarctica can give immense benefits to planetary environment. Besides all economic activities such as piscaries should be managed in a preventative manner. Harmonizing to the research, during the old ages 2004-2005 about 50,000 tourers traveled to Antarctica, therefore the norm of each individual emanation of CO2 was 4 dozenss during their stay, which normally lasted several months ( Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, 2009 ) . Glacier thaw and ozone depletion are major jobs to Antarctica as it affect the life animal. The chief cause is from planetary heating that accelerate the thaw of glaciers. Those effects include inordinate implosion therapy, rise in sea degree and habitat loss ( Buzzle, 2010 ) . Chlorofluorocarbon or CFC s found in aerosol sprays, air conditioning systems and iceboxs is a major cause of the devastation of the ozone bed over Antarctica. There is an stray part in the ambiance which had a round gesture called polar whirl and research workers believe that the gases will drift about 20-50 kilometers above the land towards Antarctica, therefore, making a large hole above ( thinkquest, 2010 ) . Furthermore, hapless visitants direction can do ecology harm such as stepping on the moss can impact its slow growth, upseting wildlife can impact their behaviour and their genteelness, rubbish and waste from the ships and sails can falsify the balance of ecology. Even an accident such as oil spill and chemical leak can hold a large impact, as it will take a long clip to vanish from the sea surface ( Gee, 2003 ) . Future prognosis for Antarctica in the twelvemonth 2100 are 33 % decrease of sea ice, all chief krill will see nutrient restrictions, and the figure of mike giant will be depleted by 5-30 % . A possible version is to protect the country and maintain stable sea ice, control human activities to minimise impact and to implement appropriate biosecurity steps. Antarctica plays an of import function in the Earth s clime system as the research is important for understanding planetary heating, in decision it need to be monitored closely for every activity happening in Antarctica. Regulation of South-polar Tourism under the Antarctic Treaty System Antarctica is different from any other topographic point in the universe ; it is a continent that is non owned by any state, organisation or single. The alone political state of affairs makes the direction of touristry activities here unlike any other tourer finishs. Seven states doing district claims in Antarctica: Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom. The pact was signed on December 1, 1959 with a sum of 44 states subscribing the pact ; 7 claim district in Antarctica, 12 are Original Signatories and 27 are Advisory Parties ( Australian Antarctic Division, 2000 ) . The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties ( ATCPs ) hold one-year meetings to discourse issues and do recommendations to each party s authorities for the direction of Antarctic personal businesss. The Treaty describes steps for regulations puting to each country for proper usage of the environment ( Australian Antarctic Division, 2000 ) . The chief aims of Treaty province that Antarctica is to be used for peaceable intents and prohibit for military activities or any arms, there are freedom for scientific research and scientific information sharing, radioactive and atomic stuffs are banned ( skwirk, 2010 ) . It is good to hold at least one organisation to command and be responsible for the distant land like Antarctica otherwise at that place would non hold been the land left until the present clip. U.S diplomats proposed spread outing the 50 old ages old of Antarctic Treaty System to include the limitations on touristry. The Obama disposal forcing the bounds on the size of sail ships sailing and the figure of riders bring to ashore to protect Antarctica s environment under international jurisprudence limitation on touristry. The intent is to minimise the accidental of marine oil spills to guarantee that the touristry is responsible in safety and environmentally ( fox intelligence, 2010 ) Figure 2.1: Antarctica Territorial Claims ( Source: Australia Antarctic Division ) Figure 2.2: Antarctica Seven Countries Territorial Claims Figure 2.1 shows the large image of the Antarctica and the Southern Ocean Territorial Claims by seven states where figure 2.2 shows the little image of those seven states claims for clearly illustrate. Not many topographic points in the Earth where at that place has neer been war, the environment is cleanly and to the full protected which is the topographic point where scientific research has full authorization such like Antarctica. Because of no original dweller in this part, there should be some authorities sector to run and supervise on it. The aims of the Treaty is to guarantee that the country is zone free for atomic trial and used the country for peaceable mission merely, to advance international scientific and to put aside disputes over territorial sovereignty. Is Tourism in Antarctica Sustainable? And how to develop a sustainable touristry industry in the Antarctic Over the past few decennaries, touristry industry is one of the universe s fastest turning industries. So far, Antarctica is one of a few countries in the universe that remained untouchable whereas the figure of tourers has been steadily increasing harmonizing to the statistics from the beginning of South-polar touristry in 1960s until now. The major environmental impact in Antarctic is from touristry ; therefore sustainable touristry has been introduced and integrated into this country. Sustainable Tourism is an effectual balance among economic, environmental and socio-cultural facets of touristry development to guarantee that there is less impact to the topographic point visited and to vouch long-run benefits for all community involved ( UNWTO, 2004 ) , including continue maintaining the natural resources for our following coevals to be seen every bit good as we have seen it today. Sustainability becomes the most often addressed in touristry during 1990s in order to keep, continue or reconstruct resources for touristry development that have the least negative impacts on the natural environments, to boot, this is more environmentally friendly sort of touristry ( Bauer, 2001 ) . The term sustainable development is now replacing the old word preservation. One sort of touristry that is the look of sustainable touristry development is called ecotourism ( Ritchie A ; Goeldner, 1994 ) , connoting that touristry development and resource protection can be compatible. During the advancement of touristry, ecotourism offers chance for fiscal support for resource protection ( Ziffer, 1989 ) . Does touristry in Antarctica autumn into ecotourism class? Since it offers travel experience with educational and out-of-door escapade. Ecotourism can specify as going to remote or natural countries to heighten understanding with grasp of environment and cultural heritage while avoiding impairment to stay the same status for others experiences ( Figgis, 1993 ) . Therefore, touristry in Antarctica could be one sort of ecotourism. The sustainable development end in Antarctica including the function of touristry that focused on finish instead than human development. It is believed that tourers who visit Antarctica could be spokesperson and go more active in protecting the continent because they have seen the existent scenario in forepart and would hold the feeling to continue this valuable district. One of the article study and interview with the circuit organiser and tourer about the overview of the Antarctica touristry in the hereafter, many of the interviewees believe that more ordinance is truly needed for efficaciously direction and besides the enforce restrictive policies should be issue. The manner to better the function of Antarctic Treaty System ( ATS ) for the ordinance of South-polar touristry is to set up a committee with the representatives from chief touristry states that reported to ATS ( Lamers, 2009 ) . Accreditation system set up has been suggested for touristry operators to vouch safe and for industry criterions ( Australia, 2004 ) . The issue of specific limitation and prohibition of the figure of tourers or ships sing Antarctica has been raised, but that would be hard because of political will and troubles of implementing as states might non desire to restrict their economical chances in such country. Although the general rules of South-polar touristry are accepted on environmental quality and human safety, in footings of future graduated table and the control of touristry development still in statement. Some sentiment seeing touristry as a harmless activity, which can make embassador of Antarctica against the annihilating actions that might go on in the hereafter. Second position sees touristry as a possible beginning of income for local stakeholder such as National Antarctic Program or NAPs. Third perspective sees that touristry is allowable every bit long as there is no negative impact to the environment ( Lamers, 2009 ) . The last position is a good decision due to the fact that travel with harmless to the nature is one sort of sustainable going therefore the clearly touristry policy towards Antarctica should be made all of a sudden. Planing with the solution is rather a good reappraisal in order to keep the last resources of the universe. Adaptation to the state of affairs is besides necessary, we must alter our life before we are force to make so ( Thomas, 2009 ) . How can sustainable touristry in Antarctica be achieved? It is non an answerability of any company, organisation or state but it need cooperation from everyone who involve in such concerns or topographic points such as the circuit operator, tourer, authorities or even the local who live near the tourer attractive force. Antarctica is the ultimate finish for anyone interested in natural history but it besides challenges those people who visit to believe loosely about our duties to all life on Earth. That s the position of Dr.Robert Lambert, a lector on Tourism and the Environment at The University of Nottingham, who has merely returned from the Antarctic as an perceiver for the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators ( IAATO ) ( Science Daily, 2008 ) . Hence, any rubbish should non be leave in the country to keep natural and undestroyed, the tourer should recognize that they are short-run visit, full responsible and ethical to environing environment is indispensable. Decision In order to pattern sustainable touristry in Antarctica, it should be clearly understood the construct that to be sustainable is to go with witting and profoundly understand the value of nature, be concerned and recognize the effects that might go on in the hereafter are non merely in a positive manner but besides in negative ways. The construct of sustainable touristry is wider range on economic sciences, environmental and socio-cultural whereas ecotourism is focus on environmental and ecological issues. In add-on, sustainable touristry is emphasize on autochthonal people, in this instance it mean the local zoology that live in Antarctica. The preservationist dying that in the hereafter Antarctica will be in the crisis of planetary heating which is the consequence from human activities that may do the zoology become nonextant. In add-on, the ozone depletion that makes the universe get higher temperature and do the glacier thaw is one of the possibilities for the disappearing of Anta rctica Continent in the following decennary. A large implosion therapy could go on as Antarctica has approximately 95 % of the universe s fresh H2O militias, therefore it is possibility consequence to the close placed states and besides to the universe. An active part to the community is one sort of sustainable touristry as some tourers might volunteer to assist make or continue the natural resources. The tourer who visit to the rare topographic point of the universe like Antarctica must be chesty and experience cherish that give a power to make something to assist advance or continue the cherished topographic point before it is excessively late to protect. They may give a contribution to the foundation, or compose a narrative on the cyberspace to portion their experience and their feeling sing the wonderland like Antarctica. This is another manner to show their purpose of how of import to continue and do it sustainable. Since the current universe is trusting on the cyber and cyberspace, the information seting should be trusty to avoid misinterpretation. To reply the research inquiry: How to develop a sustainable touristry industry in the Antarctic? will non be easy if there is a deficiency of cooperation from many sides or parties that have to associate and portion in South-polar touristry. Henceforth, the organisation that have influence in Antarctica such as the seven states that doing territory claims or Antarctic Treaty Consultative Party ( ATCP ) , International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators ( IAATO ) should hold an explicitly guideline to the refering parties. Updated ordinance and prohibition is important due to the universe has alteration and the old regulations may non follow with the new facing jobs. As the Antarctic touristry regulated by ATCP has been considered weak and excessively slow in execution procedure and decision-making ( Bastmeijer A ; Roura, 2004 ) , besides many ordinances are non lawfully mandatory ( Bastmeijer, 2003 ) hence transparently operation is really of import in the self-regulatory gove rnment. World Tourism Organisation ( WTO ) launched the rule of sustainable touristry and defined as: development that meets the demands of present tourers and host parts while protecting and heightening chances for the hereafter. It is envisaged as taking to direction of all resources in such a manner that economic, societal and aesthetic demands can be fulfilled while keeping cultural unity, indispensable ecological procedures, biological diverseness and life support systems ( WTO, 1993 ) . The success of a sustainable touristry development in the Antarctic should be uniting with the sustainable usage, resource preservation, economic development and variegation, larning about the natural and cultural environment ( Wylie, 1994 ) . Good beginnings of information and cognition are really of import in development since the tourers may non cognize profoundly approximately Antarctica as scientist, for that ground the tourers must hold utile information about the topographic point visit and cognize how to act during the trip. Such information is really critical to avoid the hazard of set uping an environment and ecosystem. Traveling with unhurt nature is the best solution to develop sustainable touristry since we can be appreciate the nature and at the same clip can maintain the same resources last long.

Legendary Lycurgus the Lawgiver of Sparta

Legendary Lycurgus the Lawgiver of Sparta Athens had its Solon, the law-giver, and Sparta, its Lycurgus- at least thats what we like to believe. Like the origins of the reforms of Lycurgus, the man himself is wrapped in legend. Plutarch on Lycurgus Rise to Power Plutarch tells the story of Lycurgus as if he had been a real person, albeit an eleventh-generation descendant of Hercules, since the Greeks generally ascribed genealogy that went back to the gods when writing about important figures. In Sparta there were two kings who jointly shared the power. Lycurgus, according to Plutarch, was the younger son of one of these two kings. His older brothers wife was pregnant when both Lycurgus brother and father died, and so, the unborn would have become king- assuming it was a boy- in time. Lycurgus sister-in-law proposed to Lycurgus, saying she would do away with the child if he would marry her. In that way both she and Lycurgus would maintain power in Sparta. Lycurgus pretended to agree with her, but instead of having the child killed after birth, as was a Greek custom, Lycurgus presented the child to the men of Sparta, naming the child and saying that he was their future king. Lycurgus himself was to act as guardian and advisor until the baby ca me of age. Lycurgus Travels to Learn About Law When slander about the motives of Lycurgus got out of hand, Lycurgus left Sparta and went to Crete where he became familiar with the Cretan law code. Plutarch says Lycurgus met Homer and Thales on his travels. Recalled to Sparta, Lycurgus Institutes His Laws (Rhetra) Eventually, the Spartans decided they needed Lycurgus back and persuaded him to return to Sparta. Lycurgus agreed to do so, but first he had to consult with the Delphic Oracle. The advice of the oracle was so well respected that it would add authority to whatever was done in its name. The oracle said that the laws (rhetra) of Lycurgus would become the most famous in the world. Lycurgus Changes Spartas Social Organization With the oracle on his side, Lycurgus instituted changes in the Spartan government and provided Sparta with a constitution. In addition to changes to the government, Lycurgus altered the economy of Sparta, banning ownership of gold or silver and useless occupations. All men were to eat together in common mess halls. Lycurgus reformed Sparta socially, too. Lycurgus started the state-run education system, including the training of women, the peculiar non-monogamous Spartan marriages, and the role of the state in deciding which newborn was fit to live. Lycurgus Tricks the Spartans Into Keeping His Laws When it appeared to Lycurgus that all was being done according to his suggestions and that Sparta was on the right track, he told the Spartans that he had one more important mission. Until he returned, they were under oath not to change the laws. Then Lycurgus left Sparta and disappeared forever. That is the (condensed) story of Lycurgus, according to Plutarch. Herodotus also says the Spartans thought the laws of Lycurgus came from Crete. Xenophon says Lycurgus made them up, while Plato says the Delphic Oracle provided them. Regardless of their origin, the Delphic Oracle played an important role in the acceptance of the laws of Lycurgus. The Great Rhetra Heres a passage from Plutarchs Life of Lycurgus on his obtaining an oracle from Delphi about the establishment of his form of government: When thou has built a temple to Zeus Syllanius and Athena Syllania, divided the people into phylai, and divided them into obai, and established a Gerousia of thirty including the Archagetai, then from time to time appellazein between Babyka and Knakion, and there introduce and repeal measures; but the Demos must have the decision and the power.

A company profile for a company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A company profile for a company - Essay Example In other words this type of structure facilitates decentralization. The corporate staffs at GE are divided into 5 sub divisions. The key subdivision of the corporate staff at GE are Commercial public relations, Legal, Global research, Human resource and Finance. The organization structure of GE shows that it is headed by the corporate executive office. They are in turn supported by shareowners and board of directors. The corporate executive office in turn elects a chairman and CEO. In 2014 the total no. of employees who worked in GE are 307,000. In 2014 the chairman and CEO of the company was Jeffrey R. Immelt. In 2014 GE had 2 vice presidents namely Keith S. Sherin and John G. Rice. They were additionally holding the post of president and CEO of GE capital and Global growth and operations respectively. The president and CEO of other divisions was namely Charles Bankenship for appliances and lighting division, John L Flannery of healthcare division, David L. Joyce of GE Aviation, Rus sell Stokes of GE transportation, Stephen R. Bolze for GE power and water, Lorenzo Simonelli for Oil and Gas division and Mark W. Begor for GE energy management. GE has many divisions and manufactures several things. In fact GE is a conglomerate of several divisions. The various subdivisions of GE are capital, appliances and lightning, healthcare, aviation, transportation, power and water, oil and gas, energy management and Global growth and operations. The main products that GE thus manufactures are lighting appliances. In the power, water, oil and gas sectors too GE is the leader as GE provides power, water, oil and gas. GE aviation is a subsidiary of the general electric and is one of the major suppliers of aircraft engines for the commercial aircrafts that operate. The major competitors of GE aviation are Rolls-Royce and Pratt and Whitney. GE aviation is amongst the top aircraft engine suppliers.

Working Capital Management and UK Listed Companies Profitability Dissertation

Working Capital Management and UK Listed Companies Profitability - Dissertation Example Research Question How do the working capital management affect the profitability of manufacturing companies of UK? 2. Aim and Objectives of the Research The research paper will strive to deal with the relationship of companies’ working capital management and their profitability. Working capital management is vital area for the growth and sustainability of companies and hence, it plays very significant role in determining the level of profitability. However, the corporate environment of different countries varies and hence, management of specific region have their different priorities for achieving growth and success. This is the reason correlation between the two or more variables of different regions vary. The primary aim of this paper is to examine the relationship of working capital management with profitability level of the listed manufacturing companies in UK. Working capital management includes number components that determine the efficiency of the management. Considerin g these facts, the research will also focus on certain specific objective as follows. To determine the efficacy of management in managing working capital of manufacturing listed companies of UK. To present and understand theoretical background relating to efficiency of working capital management and company growth. To determine the relationship between different components of working capital management and components of profitability. To determine influence of efficient working capital management on level of profitability and growth in listed manufacturing companies of UK. 3. Literature Review 3.1. Theoretical Background of Research This section will attempt to a theoretical background relation to the working capital management and profitability. Working capital management has always been a very critical area for companies’ growth and sustainability. Working capital mainly includes two basic components i.e. current liabilities and current asset. The efficient management of th ese two types of capital is known working capital management (Siddiqui, 2006, p.279). In order to present a detail background of working capital management, this section will explicitly present need of working capital and its importance for the growth of a company. Next, it will also analyse the different objectives of working capital management. Efficient working capital management is also highly required for managing risks within a company. A company is always exposed to number of risks and the working capital management is directly related to certain risks like operational risks, liquidity risks, credit risks, and information reporting risks. An efficient management of working must assure a lower level of risks. Therefore, working capital management can also be termed as a tool to overcome the stated risks that may create threat to sustainability of a company (Sagner, 2010, p.201). Another major role of working capital management is that it strives to create a trade off between r isk and profitability. In this regard, the risk is technically insolvency which is measure by net working capital (NWC). It has been found that many firms can operate in spite of facing technically insolvency. However, in such case, the company suffered from ‘slow poisoned’ as technically insolvency negatively affect growth, profitability and operational efficacy. If the management is unable to overcome this technically insolvency position, it may lead to business collapse (Khan, 2004, p.26.4). Using the financial techniques like ratio analyses, efficacy level of the working capital can be determined and it also reflect the managements’

Historical events Essay Example for Free

Historical events Essay Depending on the political views of a reporter, columnist, author, or news agency, the facts can be reported in a variety of different ways. This can often cause controversy regarding the truth, as different sources report differing things as being true. This is also true when speaking of historical events, as different people will speak differently of different events, depending on their political affiliation and beliefs. By slating the information in a particular way, the reporter can further his or her own political agenda, by making his or her beliefs seem like the right ones. If a person is a conservative politically, it would not make much sense for him or her to report the news in a manner that would support liberalism and vice versa. This is apparent in the way that Fox News and CNN report the news on a daily bases. There are clearly some political biases that distort the fact, in order to best serve the beliefs held by the people at these agencies. In a historical sense, it would not make much sense for a government to re-tell history in a manner that makes it seem tyrannical or even blood thirsty, so based on these political goals, the government can simply choose to leave certain aspects of history out. This makes it possible for them to manipulate public opinion in the manner that best compliments their objectives. An example of how the manner in which a news story is reported can change the entire event is perceived is a recent story that was picked up by both Fox News and CNN. The story was about a tour that President George W. Bush and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld embarked on in order to increase support for the war in Iraq. While the exact same speech was covered by both news agencies, the information that was passed on to the public was different in each case. Fox News focused on the positives that had been accomplished in Iraq. It started by giving numbers on how many Iraqi soldiers had been trained to fight insurgents in the region. Rumsfeld was quoted as saying that â€Å"95 battalions, 50,000 of the 212,000 Iraqi force, are trained, equipped and in the fight against insurgents† (Baier). Fox also made a point of mentioning how Iraqi forces were taking an increased role in the stabilization of Iraq and they were well on their way to being able to defend their own country. Fox continued on by including Rumsfeld’s quote that withdrawing troops from Iraq would be counter productive to their anti-terror movement and would â€Å"put the United States ‘at still greater risk’† (Baier). Fox News did not forget to mention how George Bush said that he has a strategy for victory, despite the fact that no specific strategy is discussed. Lastly, Fox News included Rumsfeld’s claim that â€Å"most citizens in Iraq are not supporting their (the insurgents’) cause† (Baier). By comparison, CNN took this story in a completely different direction by adding negative views on the war to its coverage. CNN begins by mentioning that the war is becoming â€Å"increasingly unpopular† (Bush: No Iraq Pullout Without Victory) in the United States. CNN continues on with its unflattering views by saying, â€Å"About 159,000 troops are in Iraq, up from about 138,000 in the summer† (Bush: No Iraq Pullout Without Victory). This shows how unsuccessful the Bush administration has been at accomplishing its goal of getting the troops out of Iraq. The CNN articles also reminds the reader that the war began under the assumption that Iraq was in possession of weapons of mass destruction and that despite this claim, no weapons had been found in the country. This is something that the government would desperately like the people to forget, but CNN will not let them. CNN also gives figures on the death toll of American troops in Iraq. This is another soft spot, as those who oppose the war often bring up the fact that many American soldiers have died fighting in a war that has no point. A quick mention is also given of anti-war demonstrators that showed up while Bush was speaking. Fox made no mention of this because it is very anti-Bush. Finally, CNN’s coverage of this story included the opinions of Senator Jack Reed, who is a Democrat from Rhode Island. His opinions are anti-Bush, due to his political affiliation. Reed comments add to the negative picture this article paints of Bush. These two articles cover the exact same thing, but they are obviously spun in very different directions. While some of the same quotes are used in both stories, they are not used in the same manner. Due to their conservative viewpoints, which coincide with the Republican Party’s viewpoints, Fox News focuses on the positives that are coming out of Iraq. Since Fox News is seen as a supporter of the Bush administration, it will slant its stories to paint Bush and his associated in a positive manner. Fox also does not include any opposing statements or differing points of view in its article, which gives the reader the impression that what they are reporting is the only opinion of this subject matter. CNN, on the other hand, is better at exploring both sides of the story. This article is more centerist than anything else, as it presents both sides of the story, although perhaps not equally. CNN says a lot of negative things about the war in Iraq, due to its liberal ideology, but it also does include what Rumsfeld said about certain things. CNN’s coverage does not follow one particular political ideology but can rather be interpreted as anti-conservative which, in turn, makes it anti-Bush. Seeing as how a story that quotes both Bush and Rumsfeld would only give one political view, CNN brought in the help of a Democratic Senator, in order to give a differing ideology on the matter. Both of these networks take the events that occurred, and organize them in a manner that will appeal to their viewers the most, even though both of them leave things out and include outside resources that contribute to their goals. This trend, however, has led to the public becoming â€Å"increasingly cynical toward the news media, as reflected in the slumping credibility ratings for many outlets. More generally, a majority of Americans (53%) agree with the statement ‘I often dont trust what news organizations are saying. ’ And while 43% disagree with that statement, just 9% completely disagree with it† (Attitudes Toward the News: News Audiences Increasingly Politicized). A historical event that that has been changed due to a particular political ideology is the happenings surrounding the Nicaraguan election of 1990. The American government had the ideology that the Sandinistas, who were in power in Nicaragua, were not good for American interests in the region. It was reported in the New York Times just after the election that this was a long overdue victory for the opposition party, as American political ideals did not agree with the Socialist regime in Nicaragua. David Shipler wrote, It is true that partly because of the confrontation with the U. S. , Nicaraguas economy suffered terribly, setting the stage for the widespread public discontent with the Sandinistas reflected in Sundays balloting. But few governments become moderate during a war; the contra war strengthened Sandinista hard-liners and probably contributed to their oppressive policies. The way to resolution opened only when Congress suspended the war, in effect, to give the Sandinistas a chance to proceed democratically. . . . Thus, Nicaraguas election has vindicated Washington’s fledgling program of providing public, above-board funding to help democratic procedures take root in countries with authoritarian regimes. (A. 27) Due to the slant that the American government wanted to put on this situation, they only released certain information to the general public, which gave the public a favorable opinion of how the situation was handled. The American government portrayed Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega as a vicious man who tormented his people for years and only lost the his power when he agreed to a democratic election. In reality, however, Ortega won an election in 1984 by quite a wide margin and had been making strides in Nicaragua, until a group of U. S. backed militants began a war with him and his troops. This is the dominant ideology as well. During this time period, the United States was able to use the fact that the Sandinistas are a left wing party, as the Communist Party in the Soviet Union was, in order to gain support for their actions in Nicaragua. The American government to this day continues to tell the people of the United States that U. S. policy aims to continue supporting the consolidation of the democratic process initiated in Nicaragua with the 1990 election of President Chamorro. The United States has promoted national reconciliation, encouraging Nicaraguans to resolve their problems through dialogue and compromise. It recognizes as legitimate all political forces that abide by the democratic process and eschew violence. U. S. assistance is focused on strengthening democratic institutions, stimulating sustainable economic growth, and supporting the health and basic education sectors. (Background Note: Nicaragua) A differing political view, however, is held by Noam Chomsky. He has reported much different happenings in Nicaragua, due to his political angle being much different than the American government’s and the New York Times’. He has reported that â€Å"Nicaragua was†¦exceptional in the strength of that government’s commitment†¦to improving the condition of the people and encouraging their active participation in the development process† (Chomsky 42) which makes the United States’ goal of keeping the Sandinistas out of power seem odd. The real reason why the American government did not want to have the Sandinistas in power was that they believed in distributing wealth evenly among its population. They had a steal from the rich and give to the poor-type of mentality. This goes against the capitalist society that the United States prides itself on. The American government saw that socialism had the potential to work in Nicaragua and was worried about what kind of message that would send to the rest of the world. As it turns out, reports Chomsky, the American government funded the insurgents that caused so many problems for the Nicaraguan government while they were in power. They were provided with American weapons and resources, in order to make the people of Nicaragua believe that the government was not in control of things, in order to make them vote for someone one. None of these things were reported very regularly in American newspapers because of political views and they have changed the way this entire situation has been viewed in history. Throughout history, politics have played a huge role in the way news is reported. The political ideologies held by an individual or agency can impact the story that the public hears. Many times, different agencies will report on the exact same story, but with different results. Other times, the real story does not make it to the mainstream media, but rather comes out later in books and journals. These political views change the way things are reported and also the way things are remembered in the future. It is entirely possible to have your entire memory of an event molded by the network you switched to in order to watch the coverage. Past, present, and future events have all been manipulated by media and this trend will continue because there will always be political bias. Because of this, it is important to get news from as many sources as possible, and make an educated decision on what the real truth is.

Harassment :: essays research papers

An issue that is particularly pertinent to students in the middle phase of schooling is that of harassment. Harassment has been ‘conceived narrowly as involving physical threatening behavior only. It is now generally seen as including verbal forms of aggression, as in the case of ridicule and name calling’.1 This essay will concentrate on the harassment as an issue within the middle phase of schools, years 5 to 10, and investigate what actions or responses are being taken by schools to address the needs of the learners. ‘The full extent of harassment is very hard to detect. It usually happens out of sight, away form teachers and other adults. The people most likely to know what is going on are other children. Children who are being bullied often do not tell anyone because they feel weak or ashamed.’1 This is the issue that needs to be addressed, students will not communicate with teachers/parents or seek help from teachers/parents if they are being bullied. This essay will address this need through how other schools have dealt with this problem. A school of approximately 450 students from middle to low income families reduced their harassment problem by introducing peer mediation. Firstly, changes were introduced within the student council, where a representative from each grade level was elected. Secondly, teachers were to demonstrate a positive role towards the new behaviour management system, and this in turn helped towards their ‘Working It Out’ process, with students getting involved in dealing with the harassment issue. Thirdly, a peer mediation team was setup that dealt with harassment that is more interpersonal. Mediation is now occurring on a regular basis and most issues brought to the mediators are resolved easily. The school intends to continue to expand on the mediation team-training students as others leave school.2 Another school of 750 students in a secondary, coeducational setup included a variety of cultural backgrounds throughout the school. This school recognized that a harassment problem was occurring in the school and a zero tolerance outcome was adapted for the school. There was a survey carried out for students from years 8 – 10 to gain a students perspective on the harassment situation in the school. The result of the survey helped teachers gain an understanding of what areas the harassment problems were prominent. A register was then setup to monitor those harassment and being bullied and workshops were setup for these students.

Native Americans Mascots Essay

Imagine yourself at a sporting event. You are enjoying the last bite of your foot-long hot dog, anticipating the moment the half time show will begin. Out comes the shoe-less, plaid-shirt wearing, ripped and dirty blue jean sporting mascot. His name is â€Å"Billy Bob– the wildest hillbilly in the boondocks. † He goes running around, chugging down his fake moonshine and spitting tobacco. Being a native of Appalachia, you find yourself upset, and state this to be extremely offending. However, your sister who is attending the game with you casually laughs it off, stating that it is just hilarious. The disagreement between siblings from the same background can be compared to the discontent many people face when concerning the use of Native American Mascots. We will be reviewing the varying opinions and beliefs on the matter of using Native American symbols at sporting events. There are many people who believe that it is very disrespectful towards Native Americans. Not only is it demeaning the values that they believe in, but it is also poking fun at their image in a very negative way. However, there are also the people who feel that using the names of Native Americans and their image is not only very honorable, but is a helpful reminder to people of the fight that they once went through. We are going to take a look at some of the different standpoints on the matter, some statistics, and even some cases that have resulted from this dispute. Honoring Native Americans is what many believe the mascots do. Those who support the use of these symbols and identities are convinced that they show their admirable characteristics and reflect them positively. In June of 2007, there was a law signed by Governor Phil Bredesen, for the state of Tennessee to be able to â€Å"continue to honor certain persons or cultures through the use of symbols, names and mascots† (Holliday. ) However, the bill stated that it would be void in the circumstance that these Native American symbols were being portrayed as demeaning or in an obscene way. If the school is actually recognizing the positive qualities of the Native Americans, then the use of their symbols as mascots should not be an issue. Of course, there are those who are easily offended and oppose this idea. On this side of the debate, there are other issues that come into view. For the schools that are not using Native American mascots appropriately, they would be required to not only have their traditional name change, but require new uniforms and gear. This could result in the fans holding prejudiced opinions towards the Native Americans, which in return could be more harmful than before. Many cannot see why using Native Americans and their images as mascots or logos could be considered negative or even disrespectful. What they do not understand is the potential stereotyping that is associated with these images. Coming from a place such as Appalachia, I can concur with these stereotyping insecurities. A study published in Basic and Applied Social Psychology states, â€Å"If American Indian mascots are regarded as negative stereotypes then their psychological effects will also be negative. For example, activating negative stereotypes is associated with disengagement, lower self-esteem, and decreased aspirations for careers and leadership† (Stone. ) It goes on to speak of the potential for positive stereotypes, but that does not always guarantee a positive outcome. There is also a mention of how positive stereotypes can lead to negative consequences. An example of this is a woman who is considered warm and affectionate, and how she is in return believed to be weak, basically less competent. The offensive repercussions from these mascots have some people hoping and working towards a change. Arguers against the use of Native American mascots believe that teams could just as well play under a different team name. The offensive cartoons or taglines that are associated with a team’s merchandise could lead to the negative stereotypes of Indians as savages, which is said to be the starting line on the path to racism. In 2005, the NCAA took a stand for what they believed was right and what they thought the public wanted; they banned the images and nicknames of Native Americans in post season tournaments. They removed any nicknames and images that could be seen as â€Å"hostile† or â€Å"abusive. † Starting in February of 2006, mascots would not be allowed to perform at halftime shows, and their cheerleaders and band members would not be able to wear American Indians on their uniforms. One school in particular believed that this was wrong and very quickly complained and even threatened legal action. The president of Florida State, home of the Seminoles, T. K. Wetherell said in a statement, â€Å"I intend to pursue all legal avenues to ensure that this unacceptable decision is overturned, and that this university will forever be associated with the ‘unconquered’ spirit of the Seminole Tribe of Florida† (The Florida State University. ) While the NCAA officials admit they can’t force the schools to change their nicknames or logos, they are making a statement they believe is long overdue. In some states, such as New York and Maryland, there have been similar courses of action taken in order to resolve this debate. The Commissioner of Education of New York, required schools to discuss the issue with the directive that â€Å"the use of Native American symbols or depictions as mascots can become a barrier to building a safe and nurturing school. † The Maryland Department of Education decided that the schools in Maryland must deliberate the issue. In result, approximately half of its schools decided to change their logos. Some were left undecided, leaving less than half with their original names. Just like the debate on whether this use is morally right or wrong, the decision seems to be split. Other state boards of education have considered similar actions. Minnesota and North Carolina are just a few. In Kansas and Michigan, there are recommendations to completely discontinue these names, and seek some more appropriate ones. In the past three decades, most colleges that held mascots or names that were Native American have rid them from their halls (Taylor.) In the Chronicle of Higher Education, it states â€Å"Today about 58 colleges nationwide have Native American mascots, and besides Illinois, only four compete at the high-profile Division I-A level: Arkansas State University, Florida State University, the University of North Dakota, and San Diego State University† (Selingo. ) The statistics have some questioning the time and effort that many have spent on the issue. Biology professor, Stephen J. Kaufman at Illinois stated, â€Å"The amount of time and effort all sides have spent on this issue is absurd. The Revolutionary War took 7 years, the Civil War 4 years, and here we are in our 15th year. † The fifteen year debate he is speaking of is that of the decision whether the University of Illinois Chief Illiniwek is an appropriate display of Native American characteristics (Sellingo. ) This debate has been going on for many years, and will probably continue to be argued. On this debate, I am on the fence. If honoring Native Americans is the intention, and it is done correctly, I see no wrong in using Native American mascots. However, any occurrences where the mascots are not acting or representing their namesakes properly should be removed. The main concern should not be the school or the consequences that could come from removing these mascots. The focus, as it should always be, must be on the ones being portrayed. The battle of whether the use of Native American mascots and symbols is right or wrong, is still ongoing. This debate will probably never cease, because there will never be one unanimously decided solution, for not everyone sees it one way or the other. Either our society is going to have to learn to respect others, or we are going to have to eliminate the possibility of unfair treatment and discrimination. Both seem to be out of our own hands, and not to be pessimistic, but quite unattainable. However, only the future holds the true answer to this ongoing debate. We can only hope for a fair solution. Works Cited â€Å"Florida State University responds to NCAA decision banning use of Native American symbols. † The Florida State University. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. . Holliday, Courtney. â€Å"Tennessee Votes to Protect American Indian Mascots . † First Amendment Center . Web. 20 Jul. 2012. . â€Å"Indian Mascots in Sports. †Ã‚  Scholastic Action  34. 5/6 (2010): 30. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. Joseph M. Stone, et al. â€Å"Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses: The Psychological Consequences of American Indian Mascots. †Ã‚  Basic & Applied Social Psychology  30. 3 (2008): 208-218. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. Selingo, Jeffrey. â€Å"An Honored Symbol to Some, a Racist Mascot to Others. †Ã‚  Chronicle of Higher Education50. 41 (2004): A20. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. Taylor, Kelley R. â€Å"Mascots, Team Names, and Cultural Sensitivity. †Ã‚  Education Digest  68. 2 (2002): 43. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jul. 2012.

Dodge Charger Commercial Analysis

Commercial subject was to show that if you have this car will make your life better. To appeal to an audience of those individuals who have low self-esteem and are unsocial and lonely it expresses the notion that if you purchase this Dodge Charger that you will attract people who are on a higher social status. This â€Å"nerd† and his unattractive girlfriend are sitting in a car and he Is trying to convince her to have sex with him.Then an attractive girl comes and taps on the â€Å"nerds† window and asks about his car. After that more attractive girls come and ask bout the car, within all this action the â€Å"nerds† girlfriend ends up out of the car and all of the attractive girls end up In the car and they drive off leaving the unattractive girl behind. The Dodge commercial Is appealing to those Individuals who are on a low social status the nerds geeks and loners of the world.The purpose of this commercial Is to get people who are on a low social status to bu y this car because they believe the car will make them cooler. The voice of the speaker Is the â€Å"nerd† the typical nonsocial loner and the commercial portrays him becoming â€Å"cooler† and more social because of the car. The tone of the commercial optimistic and cheerful, the â€Å"nerd† was enthusiastic at the fact that the girls were giving him attention.The attitude of the commercial is joyful, the â€Å"nerd† is happy when the attractive ladies show him attention. This commercial is effective in its efforts to persuade its viewers to buy this car, there are a lot of lonely people in this world who would look at this commercial and believe one hundred percent that this car will do what the commercial is portraying, to give them friends and a social life and higher social status.

Battle of Cedar Creek - The Battle of Cedar Creek - Civil War 1864

Battle of Cedar Creek - The Battle of Cedar Creek - Civil War 1864 Battle of Cedar Creek - Conflict Date: The Battle of Cedar Creek was fought October 19, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Philip H. Sheridan31,945 men Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early21,000 men Battle of Cedar Creek - Moving to Contact: After a succession of defeats at the hands of Major General Philip Sheridans Army of the Shenandoah in early fall 1864, Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal Early retreated up the Shenandoah Valley to regroup. Believing that Early was beaten, Sheridan began making plans to return Major General Horatio Wrights VI Corps to Petersburg to aid in Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grants efforts to take the city. Understanding the valleys importance as a source of food and supplies for his army, General Robert E. Lee dispatched reinforcements to Early. With his army augmented, Early pushed north to Fishers Hill on October 13, 1864. Learning of this, Sheridan recalled VI Corps to his armys camp along Cedar Creek. Though alarmed by Earlys move, Sheridan still elected to attend a conference in Washington and left Wright in command of the army. Returning, Sheridan spent the night of October 18/19 at Winchester, approximately fourteen miles north of Cedar Creek. While Sheridan was away, Major General John Gordon and topographical engineer Jedediah Hotchkiss ascended Massanutten Mountain and surveyed the Union position. From their vantage point, they determined that the Union left flank was vulnerable. Wright believed that it was protected by the North Fork of the Shenandoah River and had arrayed the army to repel an attack on its right. Developing a daring attack plan, the two presented it to Early who immediately approved it. At Cedar Creek, the Union army was in camp with Major General George Crooks VII Corps near the river, Major General William Emorys XIX Corps in the center, and Wrights VI Corps on right. On the far right was Major General Alfred Torberts Cavalry Corps with divisions led by Brigadier Generals Wesley Merritt and George Custer. On the night of October 18/19, Earlys command moved out in three columns. Marching by moonlight, Gordon led a three-division column along the base of Massanutten to McInturffs and Colonel Bowmans fords. Capturing the Union pickets, they crossed the river and formed on Crooks left flank around 4:00 AM. To the west, Early moved north up the Valley Turnpike with the divisions of Major General Joseph Kershaw and Brigadier General Gabriel Wharton. Battle of Cedar Creek - The Fighting Begins: Moving through Strasburg, Early remained with Kershaw as the division moved right and formed just past Bowmans Mill Ford. Wharton continued up the turnpike and deployed on Hupps Hill. Though a heavy fog descended on the field around dawn, the battle commenced at 5:00 AM when Kershaws men opened fire and advanced on Crooks front. A few minutes later, Gordons assault began again Brigadier General Rutherford B. Hayes division on Crooks left. Catching the Union troops by surprise in their camps, the Confederates succeeded in quickly routing Crooks men. Believing that Sheridan was at nearby Belle Grove plantation, Gordon drove his men on in the hopes of capturing the Union general. Alerted to the danger, Wright and Emory began working to form a defensive line along the Valley Turnpike. As this resistance began to take shape, Wharton attacked across Cedar Creek at Stickleys Mill. Taking the Union lines to his front, he men captured seven guns. Under heavy pressure and fire from Confederate artillery across the creek, Union forces were steadily pushed back past Belle Grove. With Crook and Emorys corps badly beaten, VI Corps formed a strong defensive line anchored on Cedar Creek and covering the higher ground north of Bell Grove. Repulsing attacks from Kershaw and Gordons men, they provided time for their comrades to retreat to the north of nearby Middletown. Having halted Earlys attacks, VI Corps withdrew as well. While the infantry regrouped, Torberts cavalry, having defeated a weak thrust by Brigadier General Thomas Rossers Confederate horse, moved to the left of the new Union line above Middletown. This movement caused Early to shift troops to meet the potential threat. Advancing north of Middletown, Early formed a new line opposite the Union position, but failed to press his advantage believing he had already won a victory and due to many of his men having halted to pillage the Union camps. Having learned of the fighting, Sheridan departed Winchester and, riding at high speed, arrived on the field around 10:30 AM. Quickly assessing the situation, he placed VI Corps on the left, along the Valley Pike and XIX Corps on the right. Crooks shattered corps was put in reserve. Battle of Cedar Creek - The Tide Turns: Shifting Custers division to his right flank, Sheridan rode across the front of his new line to rally the men before preparing a counterattack. Around 3:00 PM, Early launched a minor attack which was easily defeated. Thirty minutes later XIX Corps and Custer advanced against the Confederate left which was in the air. Extending his line west, Custer thinned Gordons division which was holding Earlys flank. Then launching a massive assault, Custer overran Gordons men causing the Confederate line to start breaking from west to east. At 4:00 PM, with Custer and XIX Corps having success, Sheridan ordered a general advance. With Gordon and Kershaws men breaking on the left, Major General Stephen Ramseurs division mounted a stiff defense in the center until their commander fell mortally wounded. His army disintegrating, Early began retreating south, pursued by Union cavalry. Harried until after dark, Early lost most of his artillery when the bridge at Spanglers Ford collapsed. Aftermath of the Battle of Cedar Creek: In the fighting at Cedar Creek, Union forces suffered 644 dead, 3,430 wounded, and 1,591 missing/captured, while the Confederates lost 320 dead, 1,540 wounded, 1050 missing/captured. In addition, Early lost 43 guns and the bulk of his supplies. Having failed to retain the momentum of the mornings successes, Early was overwhelmed by Sheridans charismatic leadership and ability to rally his men. The defeat effectively gave control of the valley to the Union and eliminated Earlys army as an effective force. In addition, coupled with Union successes at Mobile Bay and Atlanta, the victory virtually ensured the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln.